The development of diphenyleneiodonium analogs as GPR3 agonists.

G protein-coupled receptor 3 (GPR3) is an orphan receptor potentially involved in many important physiological processes such as drug abuse, neuropathic pain, and anxiety and depression related disorders. Pharmacological studies of GPR3 have been limited due to the restricted number of known agonists and inverse agonists for this constitutively active receptor. In this medicinal chemistry study, we report the discovery of GPR3 agonists based off the diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) scaffold.

Berbamine Analogs Exhibit Differential Protective Effects From Aminoglycoside-Induced Hair Cell Death.

Hearing loss is the third most common chronic health condition in the United States and largely results from damage to sensory hair cells. Major causes of hair cell damage include aging, noise exposure, and medications such as aminoglycoside antibiotics. Due to their potent antibacterial properties and low cost, aminoglycosides are often used for the treatment of gram-negative bacterial infections, surpassing expensive antibiotics with fewer harmful side effects.

The discovery of quinoline-3-carboxamides as hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase (H-PGDS) inhibitors.

With the goal of discovering more selective anti-inflammatory drugs, than COX inhibitors, to attenuate prostaglandin signaling, a fragment-based screen of hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase was performed. The 76 crystallographic hits were sorted into similar groups, with the 3-cyano-quinoline 1a (FP IC = 220,000 nM, LE = 0.43) being a potent member of the 6,6-fused heterocyclic cluster.

Optimizing Ligand Efficiency of Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs).

A series of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) containing the 1-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl alcohol core have been optimized for androgen receptor (AR) potency and drug-like properties. We have taken advantage of the lipophilic ligand efficiency (LLE) parameter as a guide to interpret the effect of structural changes on AR activity. Over the course of optimization efforts the LLE increased over 3 log units leading to a SARM 43 with nanomolar potency, good aqueous kinetic solubility (>700 μM), and high oral bioavailability in rats (83%).

GSK1838705A inhibits the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor and anaplastic lymphoma kinase and shows antitumor activity in experimental models of human cancers.

The insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) signaling pathway is activated in various tumors, and inhibition of IGF-IR kinase provides a therapeutic opportunity in these patients. GSK1838705A is a small-molecule kinase inhibitor that inhibits IGF-IR and the insulin receptor with IC(50)s of 2.0 and 1.

Optimization of a series of 4,6-bis-anilino-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine inhibitors of IGF-1R: elimination of an acid-mediated decomposition pathway.

Initial evaluation of a series 4,6-bis-anilino-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines revealed a C(1') carboxamide was preferred for sub-micromolar in vitro potency against IGF-1R. Subsequent solution stability studies with 1 revealed a susceptibility toward acid-induced intramolecular cyclization with the C(1') carboxamide. Herein, we describe several successful approaches toward generating both potent and acid-stable inhibitors of IGF-1R within the 4,6-bis-anilino-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine template.

Optimization of 4,6-bis-anilino-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine IGF-1R tyrosine kinase inhibitors towards JNK selectivity.

The SAR of C5' functional groups with terminal basic amines at the C6 aniline of 4,6-bis-anilino-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines is reported. Examples demonstrate potent inhibition of IGF-1R with 1000-fold selectivity over JNK1 and 3 in enzymatic assays.

Discovery of 4,6-bis-anilino-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines: potent inhibitors of the IGF-1R receptor tyrosine kinase.

The evaluation of a series of 4,6-bis-anilino-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines as inhibitors of the IGF-1R (IGF-IR) receptor tyrosine kinase is reported. Examples demonstrate nanomolar potencies in in vitro enzyme and mechanistic cellular assays as well as promising in vivo pharmacokinetics in rat.

Reversible carboxamide-mediated internal activation at C(6) of 2-chloro-4-anilino-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines.

A synthetic route to bisanilino-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines has been discovered, wherein the C(6)-chloride reactivity is necessarily enhanced via reversible acid-catalyzed internal activation of the pyrimidine ring by a C(1')-carboxamide moiety. Subsequent selective nucleophilic displacements at C(6) and C(1') constitute a one-pot tandem protocol for the rapid assembly of bisanilino-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines.

Staphylococcus capitis endocarditis due to a transvenous endocardial pacemaker infection: case report and review of Staphylococcus capitis endocarditis.

Objectives: Newer microbiologic methods to determine the species of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) have evolved which have shown that most endocarditis due to CoNS is caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis, and far fewer by Staphylococcus warneri and Staphylococcus lugdunensis.

Methods: The recent opportunity to successfully treat a patient with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus capitis endocarditis secondary to an infected transvenous pacemaker led to a review of the literature relating to S. capitis endocarditis.

Synthesis and protein kinase inhibitory activity of balanol analogues with modified benzophenone subunits.

A series of analogues of the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitory natural product balanol which bear modified benzophenone subunits are described. The analogues were designed with the goal of uncovering structure-activity features that could be used in the development of PKC inhibitors with a reduced polar character compared to balanol itself. The results of these studies suggest that most of the benzophenone features found in the natural product are important for obtaining potent PKC inhibitory compounds.

Tricyclic isoxazoles are novel inhibitors of the multidrug resistance protein (MRP1).

Tricyclic isoxazoles were identified from a screen as a novel class of selective multidrug resistance protein (MRP1) inhibitors. From a screen lead, SAR efforts resulted in the preparation of LY 402913 (9h), which inhibits MRP1 and reverses drug resistance to MRP1 substrates, such as doxorubicin, in HeLa-T5 cells (EC(50)=0.90 microM), while showing no inherent cytotoxicity.