Long-Term Clinical Outcome of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Chronic Headache and Complication Prevention.

Background: Subcutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) has emerged as a useful tool in the treatment of intractable headaches. However, complications such as skin erosion, infection and lead migration have adversely affected clinical outcome, and occasionally led to treatment cessation.

Objectives: Here we report the results of peripheral nerve stimulator implantation performed on 24 patients with various chronic headaches at our center over a period of 9 years.

Sieving functional morphology of the gill raker feeding apparatus of atlantic menhaden.

Menhaden occupy an important position in estuarine food webs, thus the rate processes associated with their feeding are critical to the ecosystem management of fishery and ecological resources. Atlantic menhaden feed on a wide range of plankton, the size and food quality of which change ontogenetically. We analyzed the functional morphology of the menhaden feeding apparatus in a size series of menhaden representative of juveniles and the adult migratory stock.