Mandibular shape and diet in extant primates: a 3D geometric morphometric analysis.

Establishing a link between mandibular morphology and diet in extant primates has long been a goal in biological anthropology because it should provide important insight into the diets of extinct primates, including fossil hominins. To date, efforts to explore this question have produced mixed results, largely perhaps due to a reliance on the use of 2D morphological data. Here, we report a study where we investigated whether 3D shape data would provide a clearer picture.

Germline ablation achieved via CRISPR/Cas9 targeting of in bovine zygotes.

is expressed in migrating primordial germ cells (PGCs) to protect them from apoptosis, and it is known to be a critical factor for germline development of both sexes in several organisms. However, to date, live knockout (KO) cattle have not been reported, and the specific role of in male cattle, or bulls, remains unexplored. This study generated KO cattle cytoplasmic microinjection of the CRISPR/Cas9 system produced bovine zygotes and evaluated the effect of elimination on bovine germline development, from fetal development through reproductive age.

A Multicenter Assessment of Interreader Reliability of LI-RADS Version 2018 for MRI and CT.

Background Various limitations have impacted research evaluating reader agreement for Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS). Purpose To assess reader agreement of LI-RADS in an international multicenter multireader setting using scrollable images. Materials and Methods This retrospective study used deidentified clinical multiphase CT and MRI and reports with at least one untreated observation from six institutions and three countries; only qualifying examinations were submitted.

Novel treatment of gastric outlet obstruction secondary to incarcerated inguinal hernia: percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube.

A 93-year-old man presented with gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) secondary to a massive left inguinal hernia with incarcerated antrum. He reported a desire to avoid operative intervention, and given his comorbidities, such an operation carried high risk for perioperative complications. As such, we offered percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement, as this would allow intermittent decompression of the stomach to reduce the risk of obstruction and strangulation.

A deletion at the polled P locus alone is not sufficient to cause a polled phenotype in cattle.

Dehorning is a common practice in the dairy industry, but raises animal welfare concerns. A naturally occurring genetic mutation (P allele) comprised of a 212 bp duplicated DNA sequence replacing a 10-bp sequence at the polled locus is associated with the hornless phenotype (polled) in cattle. To test the hypothesis that the 10 bp deletion alone is sufficient to result in polled, a CRISPR-Cas9 dual guide RNA approach was optimized to delete a 133 bp region including the 10 bp sequence.

One-step generation of a targeted knock-in calf using the CRISPR-Cas9 system in bovine zygotes.

Background: The homologous recombination (HR) pathway is largely inactive in early embryos prior to the first cell division, making it difficult to achieve targeted gene knock-ins. The homology-mediated end joining (HMEJ)-based strategy has been shown to increase knock-in efficiency relative to HR, non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), and microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ) strategies in non-dividing cells.

Results: By introducing gRNA/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complex and a HMEJ-based donor template with 1 kb homology arms flanked by the H11 safe harbor locus gRNA target site, knock-in rates of 40% of a 5.

Improved survival following transarterial radioembolization of infiltrative-appearance hepatocellular carcinoma.

Purpose: Infiltrative-appearance hepatocellular carcinoma presents a challenge to clinicians as diagnostic criteria continue to evolve and evidence-based treatment guidelines have yet to be established. While transarterial radioembolization has shown efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma, many studies exclude infiltrative-appearance HCC in their analysis. The purpose of this study was to describe imaging features of infiltrative-appearance hepatocellular carcinoma and evaluate effects of radioembolization on survival.

Evaluation of mutation rates, mosaicism and off target mutations when injecting Cas9 mRNA or protein for genome editing of bovine embryos.

The CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing tool has the potential to improve the livestock breeding industry by allowing for the introduction of desirable traits. Although an efficient and targeted tool, the CRISPR/Cas9 system can have some drawbacks, including off-target mutations and mosaicism, particularly when used in developing embryos. Here, we introduced genome editing reagents into single-cell bovine embryos to compare the effect of Cas9 mRNA and protein on the mutation efficiency, level of mosaicism, and evaluate potential off-target mutations utilizing next generation sequencing.

Efficient One-Step Knockout by Electroporation of Ribonucleoproteins Into Zona-Intact Bovine Embryos.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer or cytoplasm microinjection have been used to generate genome-edited farm animals; however, these methods have several drawbacks that reduce their efficiency. This study aimed to develop electroporation conditions that allow delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 system to bovine zygotes for efficient gene knock-out. We optimized electroporation conditions to deliver Cas9:sgRNA ribonucleoproteins to bovine zygotes without compromising embryo development.

Harnessing endogenous repair mechanisms for targeted gene knock-in of bovine embryos.

Introducing useful traits into livestock breeding programs through gene knock-ins has proven challenging. Typically, targeted insertions have been performed in cell lines, followed by somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning, which can be inefficient. An alternative is to introduce genome editing reagents and a homologous recombination (HR) donor template into embryos to trigger homology directed repair (HDR).

Lung Metastasis Postradioembolization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma With Tumor in Vein.

Transarterial radioembolization (TARE) is one of the few treatment options available for infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor in vein. This is backed by the published data showing marginally favorable toxicity profile compared with other locoregional and systemic therapies. Although lung shunt fraction studies are performed to prevent radiation injury to the lungs, TARE-induced embolization/metastasis to the lungs has not been reported before.

Author Correction: Genomic and phenotypic analyses of six offspring of a genome-edited hornless bull.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Genomic and phenotypic analyses of six offspring of a genome-edited hornless bull.

Genome editing followed by reproductive cloning was previously used to produce two hornless dairy bulls. We crossed one genome-edited dairy bull, homozygous for the dominant P Celtic POLLED allele, with horned cows (pp) and obtained six heterozygous (Pp) polled calves. The calves had no horns and were otherwise healthy and phenotypically unremarkable.

The Feasibility of Using Volumetric Phase-Contrast MR Imaging (4D Flow) to Assess for Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Dysfunction.

Purpose: To demonstrate the feasibility of detecting patency, stenosis, or occlusion of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) with four-dimensional (4D) flow MR imaging.

Materials And Methods: Sequential adult patients with TIPS were eligible for enrollment. Volumetric phase-contrast sequence was used to image TIPS.

Recognizing the CT Manifestations of Gynecologic Conditions Encountered in the Emergency Department.

Women commonly present to the emergency room with subacute or acute symptoms of gynecologic origin. Although a pelvic exam and ultrasound (US) are the preferred initial diagnostic tools for gynecologic entities, a CT is often the first line imaging modality in the emergency department. We will provide a review of normal uterine enhancement and normal pregnancy related findings, and then familiarize radiologists with the CT appearances of gynecologic entities classically described on ultrasound that may present to the emergency department.

Endometriosis revisited: an imaging review of the usual and unusual manifestations with pathological correlation.

The manifestations of endometriosis commonly present a diagnostic challenge to the gynecologist and radiologist. Familiarity with its varied presentations may allow for a more accurate diagnosis. The goal of this review is to the present the imaging spectrum of endometriosis, less common sites of involvement as well as the potential rare complications.

MRI of suspected appendicitis during pregnancy: interradiologist agreement, indeterminate interpretation and the meaning of non-visualization of the appendix.

Objective: To determine the degree of interradiologist agreement between the MRI features of appendicitis during pregnancy, the outcomes associated with an indeterminate interpretation and the negative predictive value of non-visualization of the appendix.

Methods: Our study was approved by the institutional review board at the Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri (WUStL) and was HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996)-compliant.

A test for paedomorphism in domestic pig cranial morphology.

Domestic animals are often described as paedomorphic, meaning that they retain juvenile characteristics into adulthood. Through a three-dimensional landmark-based geometric morphometric analysis of cranial morphology at three growth stages, we demonstrate that wild boar ( = 138) and domestic pigs ( = 106) () follow distinct ontogenetic trajectories. With the exception of the size ratio between facial and neurocranial regions, paedomorphism does not appear to be the primary pattern describing the observed differences between wild and domestic pig cranial morphologies.