Cardiovascular risk and obesity impact loss of grey matter volume earlier in males than females.

Background: It remains imperative to discover the time course that cardiovascular risk factors influence neurodegeneration in males and females and decipher whether the apolipoprotein (APOE) genotype mediates this relationship. Here we perform a large-scale evaluation of the influence of cardiovascular risk and obesity on brain volume in males and females in different age groups.

Methods: 34 425 participants between the ages of 45 and 82 years were recruited from the UK Biobank database https://www.

Do Tau Deposition and Glucose Metabolism Dissociate in Alzheimer's Disease Trajectory?

Background: Tau aggregation demonstrates close associations with hypometabolism in Alzheimer's disease (AD), although differing pathophysiological processes may underlie their development.

Objective: To establish whether tau deposition and glucose metabolism have different trajectories in AD progression and evaluate the utility of global measures of these pathological hallmarks in predicting cognitive deficits.

Methods: 279 participants with amyloid-β (Aβ) status, and T1-weighted MRI scans, were selected from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (http://adni.

Antidiabetic agents as a novel treatment for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.

Therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disorders have commonly targeted individual aspects of the disease pathogenesis to little success. Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), are characterized by several pathological features. In AD and PD, there is an abnormal accumulation of toxic proteins, increased inflammation, decreased synaptic function, neuronal loss, increased astrocyte activation, and perhaps a state of insulin resistance.

Incretin and insulin signaling as novel therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.

Despite an ever-growing prevalence and increasing economic burden of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), recent advances in drug development have only resulted in minimally effective treatment. In AD, along with amyloid and tau phosphorylation, there is an associated increase in inflammation/glial activation, a decrease in synaptic function, an increase in astrocyte activation, and a state of insulin resistance. In PD, along with α-synuclein accumulation, there is associated inflammation, synaptic dysfunction, dopaminergic neuronal loss, and some data to suggest insulin resistance.

Relationship between astrocyte reactivity, using novel C-BU99008 PET, and glucose metabolism, grey matter volume and amyloid load in cognitively impaired individuals.

Post mortem neuropathology suggests that astrocyte reactivity may play a significant role in neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. We explored this in vivo using multimodal PET and MRI imaging. Twenty subjects (11 older, cognitively impaired patients and 9 age-matched healthy controls) underwent brain scanning using the novel reactive astrocyte PET tracer C-BU99008, F-FDG and F-florbetaben PET, and T1-weighted MRI.

Long covid-mechanisms, risk factors, and management.

Since its emergence in Wuhan, China, covid-19 has spread and had a profound effect on the lives and health of people around the globe. As of 4 July 2021, more than 183 million confirmed cases of covid-19 had been recorded worldwide, and 3.97 million deaths.