Continuous Glucose Monitoring for Hypoglycemia Avoidance and Glucose Counterregulation in Long-Standing Type 1 Diabetes.

Context: Patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes (T1D) are at increased risk for severe hypoglycemia because of defects in glucose counterregulation and recognition of hypoglycemia symptoms, in part mediated through exposure to hypoglycemia.

Objective: To determine whether implementation of real-time continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) as a strategy for hypoglycemia avoidance could improve glucose counterregulation in patients with long-standing T1D and hypoglycemia unawareness.

Design, Setting, Participants, And Intervention: Eleven patients with T1D disease duration of ∼31 years were studied longitudinally in the Clinical & Translational Research Center of the University of Pennsylvania before and 6 and 18 months after initiation of CGM and were compared with 12 nondiabetic control participants.

Hyperpolarized gas diffusion MRI of biphasic lung inflation in short- and long-term emphysema models.

During lung inflation, airspace dimensions are affected nonlinearly by both alveolar expansion and recruitment, potentially confounding the identification of emphysematous lung by hyperpolarized helium-3 diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (HP MRI). This study aimed to characterize lung inflation over a broad range of inflation volume and pressure values in two different models of emphysema, as well as in normal lungs. Elastase-treated rats ( = 7) and healthy controls ( = 7) were imaged with HP MRI.

A hybrid multibreath wash-in wash-out lung function quantification scheme in human subjects using hyperpolarized He MRI for simultaneous assessment of specific ventilation, alveolar oxygen tension, oxygen uptake, and air trapping.

Purpose: To present a method for simultaneous acquisition of alveolar oxygen tension (P O ), specific ventilation (SV), and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of hyperpolarized (HP) gas in the human lung, allowing reinterpretation of the P O and SV maps to produce a map of oxygen uptake (R).

Method: An imaging scheme was designed with a series of identical normoxic HP gas wash-in breaths to measure ADC, SV, P O , and R in less than 2 min. Signal dynamics were fit to an iterative recursive model that regionally solved for these parameters.