Atmospheric oxidation drove climate change on Noachian Mars.

Modern Mars is bipolar, cold, and oxidizing, while early Mars was characterized by icy highlands, episodic warmth and reducing atmosphere. The timing and association of the climate and redox transitions remain inadequately understood. Here we examine the spatiotemporal distribution of the low surface iron abundance in the ancient Martian terrains, revealing that iron abundance decreases with elevation in the older Noachian terrains but with latitude in the younger Noachian terrains.

Freeze-thaw cycles drove chemical weathering and enriched sulfates in the Burns formation at Meridiani, Mars.

Sulfate-rich sedimentary rocks explored by the Opportunity rover during its 14-year surface mission at Meridiani Planum provide an invaluable window into the thousands of sulfate deposits detected on Mars via remote sensing. Existing models explaining the formation of martian sulfates can be generally described as either bottom-up, groundwater-driven playa settings or top-down icy chemical weathering environments. Here, we propose a hybrid model involving both bottom-up and top-down processes driven by freeze-thaw cycles.

Eigenimage2Eigenimage (E2E): A Self-Supervised Deep Learning Network for Hyperspectral Image Denoising.

The performance of deep learning-based denoisers highly depends on the quantity and quality of training data. However, paired noisy-clean training images are generally unavailable in hyperspectral remote sensing areas. To solve this problem, this work resorts to the self-supervised learning technique, where our proposed model can train itself to learn one part of noisy input from another part of noisy input.

Bridge Plating of a First Proximal Phalanx Intra-articular Base Fracture-Benefits Over External Fixation.

A 62-year-old right-handed man presented with an intra-articular fracture of the proximal phalanx base of the right thumb after a motor vehicle accident. Computed tomography revealed severe comminution, apex volar angulation, and minimal bone stock at the proximal phalanx base. The patient consented to open reduction internal fixation with a locking plate to bridge the fracture and cancellous bone grafting of the distal radius.

The potential for floral evolution in response to competing selection pressures following the loss of hawkmoth pollination in Ruellia humilis.

Premise: In the absence of hawkmoth pollinators, chasmogamous (CH) flowers of Ruellia humilis self-pollinate by two secondary mechanisms. Other floral visitors might exert selection on CH floral traits to restore outcrossing, but at the same time preferential predation of CH seeds generates selection to increase the allocation of resources to cleistogamous (CL) flowers.

Methods: To assess the potential for an evolutionary response to these competing selection pressures, we estimated additive genetic variances ( ) and covariances for 14 reproductive traits and three fitness components in a Missouri population lacking hawkmoth pollinators.

Does a Reduced Secondary Operation Rate Offset Higher Implant Charges when Utilizing Suture Button Fixation for Syndesmotic Injuries?

Objective: To determine whether a reduced secondary operation rate offsets higher implant charges when using suture button fixation for syndesmotic injuries.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Setting: Single, urban, Level 1 trauma center.

Initial Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a US Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Clinic.

Background: In the United States, the COVID-19 pandemic led to a nationwide quarantine that forced individuals to adjust their daily activities, potentially impacting the burden of foot and ankle disease. The purpose of this study was to compare diagnoses made in an orthopaedic foot and ankle clinic during the shelter-in-place period of the COVID-19 pandemic to diagnoses made during the same months of the previous year.

Methods: A retrospective review of new patients presenting to the clinics of 4 fellowship-trained orthopaedic foot and ankle surgeons in a major United States city was performed.

Travel Distance Does Not Affect Outcomes After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair.

Purpose: To determine the effect of travel distance on achieving the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) on patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) at least 1 year after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (RCR).

Methods: Patients undergoing primary arthroscopic RCR with a minimum 1-year follow-up at a high-volume tertiary referral center between May 2017 and June 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups: driving distance of >50 miles from the institution (referral group) and <50 miles (local group).

Spontaneous Diabetic Myonecrosis Presenting as Acute Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.

A 57-year-old man with diabetes mellitus presented with a 4-day history of left palm pain out of proportion, with swelling, erythema, and dense median and ulnar nerve distribution sensory changes. Magnetic resonance imaging with and without contrast revealed diffuse hand edema and myonecrosis. The patient was treated surgically because the examination was concerning for acute carpal tunnel syndrome and ulnar nerve compression.

Moderate Return to Play and Previous Performance After SLAP Repairs in Competitive Overhead Athletes: A Systematic Review.

Purpose: To perform a systematic review of return to play (RTP) and return to previous level of performance (RPP) in competitive overhead athletes after SLAP repair to identify factors associated with failure to RTP.

Methods: Systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Review was registered with PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews (CRD42020215488).

Intense subaerial weathering of eolian sediments in Gale crater, Mars.

After over 8 years of successful surface operations on Mars, the Curiosity rover has revealed much about the environment in Gale crater. Despite early observations of a lacustrine environment, few of the subsequent deposits exhibit demonstrable lacustrine character. We suggest instead that most of the stratigraphic section explored to date can be best explained as eolian and/or volcaniclastic sediments subaerially chemically weathered by acidic precipitation in a reduced atmosphere.

An integrated theoretical framework to explain interpersonal moralistic conflict.

This paper offers an integrated theoretical framework to explain interpersonal, moralistic conflict that combines the logic of the "pure sociology" approach with a social psychological framework that highlights the importance of the human capacity for language, evaluation, and justification. While violations of normative expectations are the root causes of moralistic conflict, the paper argues that one can only determine the emergence of such conflict by assessing the nature of the behavior in question in relation to the social locations of the participants in combination with the justifications invoked. The central question that the theory addresses can be distilled as follows: What explains the emergence of interpersonal, moralistic conflict? The paper specifies three core assumptions, followed by a delineation of a series of propositions designed to explicate the conditions under which moralistic conflicts emerge.

Jarosite formation in deep Antarctic ice provides a window into acidic, water-limited weathering on Mars.

Many interpretations have been proposed to explain the presence of jarosite within Martian surficial sediments, including the possibility that it precipitated within paleo-ice deposits owing to englacial weathering of dust. However, until now a similar geochemical process was not observed on Earth nor in other planetary settings. We report a multi-analytical indication of jarosite formation within deep ice.

Do Clinical Outcomes and Sagittal Parameters Differ Between Diabetics and Nondiabetics for Degenerative Spondylolisthesis Undergoing Lumbar Fusion?

Study Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Objective: To assess the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) on clinical and radiographic outcomes in patient with degenerative spondylolisthesis undergoing posterior lumbar spinal fusion.

Methods: Analysis of patients who underwent open posterior lumbar spinal fusion from 2011 to 2018.

Defining Behavior and its Relationship to the Science of Psychology.

Even though the concept of behavior is central to modern psychology, there is no consensus regarding what the term behavior means. The current paper focuses on disentangling two separate conceptions of the term that have added to the confusion. One meaning of the term behavior pertains to natural scientific epistemology, specifically the requirements of empirical methodology and its reliance on data that are measurable and available to public observation.

Terrorism and lethal moralism in the United States and United Kingdom, 1970-2017.

The current paper examines terrorism as a special form of moralistic violence, with several key features that distinguish such behaviour from other types of violence. The theory of lethal moralism highlights the importance of social polarization, characterized by vast differences in social space and inequality between adversaries as crucial to explaining deadly terrorist attacks. Where the differences are more permanent or chronic - and the groups in question define and justify their existence specifically in contradistinction to 'other' groups - then the polarization intensifies and attacks tend to be more lethal.

Surface clay formation during short-term warmer and wetter conditions on a largely cold ancient Mars.

The ancient rock record for Mars has long been at odds with climate modelling. The presence of valley networks, dendritic channels and deltas on ancient terrains points towards running water and fluvial erosion on early Mars, but climate modelling indicates that long-term warm conditions were not sustainable. Widespread phyllosilicates and other aqueous minerals on the Martian surface provide additional evidence that an early wet Martian climate resulted in surface weathering.

Elevated olivine weathering rates and sulfate formation at cryogenic temperatures on Mars.

Large Hesperian-aged (~3.7 Ga) layered deposits of sulfate-rich sediments in the equatorial regions of Mars have been suggested to be evidence for ephemeral playa environments. But early Mars may not have been warm enough to support conditions similar to what occurs in arid environments on Earth.

Ancient hydrothermal seafloor deposits in Eridania basin on Mars.

The Eridania region in the southern highlands of Mars once contained a vast inland sea with a volume of water greater than that of all other Martian lakes combined. Here we show that the most ancient materials within Eridania are thick (>400 m), massive (not bedded), mottled deposits containing saponite, talc-saponite, Fe-rich mica (for example, glauconite-nontronite), Fe- and Mg-serpentine, Mg-Fe-Ca-carbonate and probable Fe-sulphide that likely formed in a deep water (500-1,500 m) hydrothermal setting. The Eridania basin occurs within some of the most ancient terrain on Mars where striking evidence for remnant magnetism might suggest an early phase of crustal spreading.

Genetic and environmental integration of the hawkmoth pollination syndrome in Ruellia humilis (Acanthaceae).

Background And Aims: The serial homology of floral structures has made it difficult to assess the relative contributions of selection and constraint to floral integration. The interpretation of floral integration may also be clouded by the tacit, but largely untested, assumption that genetic and environmental perturbations affect trait correlations in similar ways. In this study, estimates of both the genetic and environmental correlations between components of the hawkmoth pollination syndrome are presented for chasmogamous flowers of Ruellia humilis , including two levels of control for serial homology.

Remote Detection of Clay Minerals.

Spectral remote sensing in the visible/near-infrared (VNIR) and mid-IR (MIR) regions has enabled detection and characterisation of multiple clays and clay minerals on Earth and in the Solar System. Remote sensing on Earth poses the greatest challenge due to atmospheric absorptions that interfere with detection of surface minerals. Still, a greater variety of clay minerals have been observed on Earth than other bodies due to extensive aqueous alteration on our planet.

Crystal structure of poly[N,N-diethyl-2-hy-droxy-ethan-1-aminium [μ3-cyanido-κ(3) C:C:N-di-μ-cyanido-κ(4) C:N-dicuprate(I)]].

In the title compound, {(C6H16NO)[Cu2(CN)3]} n , the cyanide groups link the Cu(I) atoms into an open three-dimensional anionic network, with the mol-ecular formula Cu2(CN)3 (-). One Cu(I) atom is tetra-hedrally bound to four CN groups, and the other Cu(I) atom is bonded to three CN groups in an approximate trigonal-planar coordination. The tetra-hedrally coordinated Cu(I) atoms are linked into centrosymmetric dimers by the C atoms of two end-on bridging CN groups which bring the Cu(I) atoms into close contact at 2.

μ-Cyanido-κ(2) C:N-dicyanido-κ(2) C-bis-(N-ethyl-ethylenedi-amine-κ(2) N,N')copper(II)copper(I).

In the title complex, [Cu(I)Cu(II)(CN)3(C4H12N2)2], the Cu(I) and Cu(II) ions and a bridging cyanide group lie on a twofold rotation axis. The Cu(II) ion is in a slightly-distorted square-pyramidal coordination environment, with the N atoms of the two symmetry-related N-ethyl-ethylenedi-amine ligands occupying the basal positions and an N-bonded cyanide group in the apical position. The Cu(I) ion is in a trigonal-planar coordination environment, bonded to the C atom of the bridging cyanide group and to two terminal cyanide groups.

Supervolcanoes within an ancient volcanic province in Arabia Terra, Mars.

Several irregularly shaped craters located within Arabia Terra, Mars, represent a new type of highland volcanic construct and together constitute a previously unrecognized Martian igneous province. Similar to terrestrial supervolcanoes, these low-relief paterae possess a range of geomorphic features related to structural collapse, effusive volcanism and explosive eruptions. Extruded lavas contributed to the formation of enigmatic highland ridged plains in Arabia Terra.