A simple kinetic analysis of syngas during steam hydrogasification of biomass using a novel inverted batch reactor with instant high pressure feeding.

A newly designed inverted batch reactor equipped with a pressure-driven feeding system was built for investigating the kinetics of syngas during the steam hydrogasification (SHR) of biomass. The system could instantly load the feedstock into the reactor at high temperature and pressure, which simulated the way to transport the feedstock into a hot and pressurized gasifier. Experiments were conducted from 600°C to 700°C.

Vehicle specific power approach to estimating on-road NH3 emissions from light-duty vehicles.

NH3 emissions from motor vehicles have been the subject of a number of recent studies due to their potential impact on ambient particulate matter (PM). Highly time-resolved NH3 emissions can be measured and correlated with specific driving events utilizing a tunable diode laser (TDL). It is possible to incorporate NH3 emissions with this new information into models that can be used to predict emissions inventories from vehicles.

Development and application of a mobile laboratory for measuring emissions from diesel engines. 2. Sampling for toxics and particulate matter.

Limited data are available on the emission rates of speciated volatile and semivolatile organic compounds, as well as the physical and chemical characteristics of fine particulate matter (PM) from mobile, in-use diesel engines operated on the road. A design for the sampling of these fractions and the first data from in-use diesel sources are presented in this paper. Emission rates for carbonyls, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, toluene, xylene, PM, and elemental and organic carbon (EC and OC) are reported for a vehicle driven while following the California Air Resources Board (ARB) four-mode heavy heavy-duty diesel truck (HHDDT) cycle and while transiting through a major transportation corridor.

Emission rates of particulate matter and elemental and organic carbon from in-use diesel engines.

Elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), and particulate matter (PM) emission rates are reported for a number of heavy heavy-duty diesel trucks (HHDDTs) and back-up generators (BUGs) operating under real-world conditions. Emission rates were determined using a unique mobile emissions laboratory (MEL) equipped with a total capture full-scale dilution tunnel connected directly to the diesel engine via a snorkel. This paper shows that PM, EC, and OC emission rates are strongly dependent on the mode of vehicle operation; highway, arterial, congested, and idling conditions were simulated by following the speed trace from the California Air Resources Board HHDDT cycle.

Development and application of a mobile laboratory for measuring emissions from diesel engines. 1. Regulated gaseous emissions.

Information about in-use emissions from diesel engines remains a critical issue for inventory development and policy design. Toward that end, we have developed and verified the first mobile laboratory that measures on-road or real-world emissions from engines at the quality level specified in the U.S.

Investigation of NH3 emissions from new technology vehicles as a function of vehicle operating conditions.

The objective of this study was to measure ammonia (NH3) emissions from modern technology vehicles since information is scarce aboutthis importantsource of particulate matter (PM) precursors. Test variables included the emission level to which the vehicle was certified, the vehicle operating conditions, and catalyst age. Eight vehicles with low-emission vehicle (LEV) to super-ultralow-emission vehicle (SULEV) certification levels were tested over the Federal Test Procedure (FTP75), a US06 cycle, a hot running 505, a New York City Cycle (NYCC), and a specially designed Modal Emissions Cycle (MEC01v7) using both as-received and bench-aged catalysts.

The effects of repairs on tailpipe emissions for on-board diagnostics II-equipped vehicles with the malfunction indicator light illuminated.

A total of 77 On-Board Diagnostics II (OBDII)-equipped vehicles with illuminated malfunction indicator lights (MILs) and non-evaporative codes were tested before and after repair. The test cycles included the Federal Test Procedure (FTP), IM240, and steady-state cycles. A total of 17 vehicles were found with emissions greater than 1.

Effects of biodiesel blends and Arco EC-diesel on emissions from light heavy-duty diesel vehicles.

Chassis dynamometer tests were performed on seven light heavy-duty diesel trucks comparing the emissions of a California diesel fuel with emissions from four other fuels: ARCO emissions control diesel (EC-D) and three 20% biodiesel blends (one yellow grease and two soy-based). The EC-D and the yellow grease biodiesel blend both showed significant reductions in total hydrocarbons (THC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions over the test vehicle fleet. EC-D also showed reductions in particulate matter (PM) emission rates.

Population Density, Particulate Emission Characterization, and Impact on the Particulate Inventory of Smoking Vehicles in the South Coast Air Quality Management District.

The impact of high-particulate-emission vehicles on the total light-duty vehicle particulate emission inventory in the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) has been estimated by an analysis of the SCAQMD's CUT-SMOG database, a field survey of smoking vehicles, and particulate emissions testing of representative smoking vehicles. The field study, carried out at 61 sites throughout the SCAQMD, showed that 1.11%-1.