Neuroanatomical dimensions in medication-free individuals with major depressive disorder and treatment response to SSRI antidepressant medications or placebo.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a heterogeneous clinical syndrome with widespread subtle neuroanatomical correlates. Our objective was to identify the neuroanatomical dimensions that characterize MDD and predict treatment response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants or placebo. In the COORDINATE-MDD consortium, raw MRI data were shared from international samples ( = 1,384) of medication-free individuals with first-episode and recurrent MDD ( = 685) in a current depressive episode of at least moderate severity, but not treatment-resistant depression, as well as healthy controls ( = 699).

Competency in Robotic Surgery: Standard Setting for Robotic Suturing Using Objective Assessment and Expert Evaluation.

Objective: Surgical skill assessment tools such as the End-to-End Assessment of Suturing Expertise (EASE) can differentiate a surgeon's experience level. In this simulation-based study, we define a competency benchmark for intraoperative robotic suturing using EASE as a validated measure of performance.

Design: Participants conducted a dry-lab vesicourethral anastomosis (VUA) exercise.

Artificial Intelligence in Pathomics and Genomics of Renal Cell Carcinoma.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with histopathology images and gene expression patterns has led to the emergence of the dynamic fields of pathomics and genomics. These fields have revolutionized renal cell carcinoma (RCC) diagnosis and subtyping and improved survival prediction models. Machine learning has identified unique gene patterns across RCC subtypes and grades, providing insights into RCC origins and potential treatments, as targeted therapies.

Organ-specific immunity: A tissue analysis framework for investigating local immune responses to SARS-CoV-2.

Local immune activation at mucosal surfaces, mediated by mucosal lymphoid tissues, is vital for effective immune responses against pathogens. While pathogens like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can spread to multiple organs, patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) primarily experience inflammation and damage in their lungs. To investigate this apparent organ-specific immune response, we develop an analytical framework that recognizes the significance of mucosal lymphoid tissues.

Bridging the Gap Between Urological Research and Patient Understanding: The Role of Large Language Models in Automated Generation of Layperson's Summaries.

Introduction: This study assessed ChatGPT's ability to generate readable, accurate, and clear layperson summaries of urological studies, and compared the performance of ChatGPT-generated summaries with original abstracts and author-written patient summaries to determine its effectiveness as a potential solution for creating accessible medical literature for the public.

Methods: Articles from the top 5 ranked urology journals were selected. A ChatGPT prompt was developed following guidelines to maximize readability, accuracy, and clarity, minimizing variability.

Associations between feeding and development in preterm infants in the NICU and throughout the first year of life.

Background: There is little published evidence regarding associations between feeding and development in preterm infants which could help identify infants most needing follow-up services.

Aims: To determine if preterm infant feeding and development were predictable throughout the first year of life and identify associations with maternal factors, neonatal factors, and socioeconomic measures.

Study Design: Prospective single-site study of the feeding and development of extremely and very preterm infants at three time points throughout the first year of life.

AI-based dimensional neuroimaging system for characterizing heterogeneity in brain structure and function in major depressive disorder: COORDINATE-MDD consortium design and rationale.

Background: Efforts to develop neuroimaging-based biomarkers in major depressive disorder (MDD), at the individual level, have been limited to date. As diagnostic criteria are currently symptom-based, MDD is conceptualized as a disorder rather than a disease with a known etiology; further, neural measures are often confounded by medication status and heterogeneous symptom states.

Methods: We describe a consortium to quantify neuroanatomical and neurofunctional heterogeneity via the dimensions of novel multivariate coordinate system (COORDINATE-MDD).

Corrigendum: Malnutrition leads to increased inflammation and expression of tuberculosis risk signatures in recently exposed household contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.

Malnutrition leads to increased inflammation and expression of tuberculosis risk signatures in recently exposed household contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Background: Most individuals exposed to (Mtb) develop latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and remain at risk for progressing to active tuberculosis disease (TB). Malnutrition is an important risk factor driving progression from LTBI to TB. However, the performance of blood-based TB risk signatures in malnourished individuals with LTBI remains unexplored.

Development of prognostic scoring system for predicting 1-year mortality among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in South India.

Background: Development of a prediction model using baseline characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) patients at the time of diagnosis will aid us in early identification of the high-risk groups and devise pertinent strategies accordingly. Hence, we did this study to develop a prognostic-scoring model for predicting the death among newly diagnosed drug sensitive pulmonary TB patients in South India.

Methods: We undertook a longitudinal analysis of cohort data under the Regional Prospective Observational Research for Tuberculosis India consortium.

Restriction of Intravenous Fluid in ICU Patients with Septic Shock.

Background: Intravenous fluids are recommended for the treatment of patients who are in septic shock, but higher fluid volumes have been associated with harm in patients who are in the intensive care unit (ICU).

Methods: In this international, randomized trial, we assigned patients with septic shock in the ICU who had received at least 1 liter of intravenous fluid to receive restricted intravenous fluid or standard intravenous fluid therapy; patients were included if the onset of shock had been within 12 hours before screening. The primary outcome was death from any cause within 90 days after randomization.

Development and Validation of a Parsimonious Tuberculosis Gene Signature Using the digital NanoString nCounter Platform.

Background: Blood-based biomarkers for diagnosing active tuberculosis (TB), monitoring treatment response, and predicting risk of progression to TB disease have been reported. However, validation of the biomarkers across multiple independent cohorts is scarce. A robust platform to validate TB biomarkers in different populations with clinical end points is essential to the development of a point-of-care clinical test.

Segment-Specific Orientation of the Dorsal and Ventral Roots for Precise Therapeutic Targeting of Human Spinal Cord.

Objective: To provide precise description of the dorsal and ventral roots orientation along with the main spinal cord anatomical measurements and their segment-specific variations.

Patients And Methods: We collected and analyzed the measurements of the spines, spinal cords, and dorsal and ventral roots (C2-L5) of nine adult cadavers (five males and four females).

Results: This study for the first time provides analysis of the dorsal and ventral roots orientation along with spinal cord anatomical measurements and their segment-specific distribution.

Comparing tuberculosis gene signatures in malnourished individuals using the TBSignatureProfiler.

Background: Gene expression signatures have been used as biomarkers of tuberculosis (TB) risk and outcomes. Platforms are needed to simplify access to these signatures and determine their validity in the setting of comorbidities. We developed a computational profiling platform of TB signature gene sets and characterized the diagnostic ability of existing signature gene sets to differentiate active TB from LTBI in the setting of malnutrition.

Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake partly relies on p21-activated kinase (PAK)2, but not PAK1, in mouse skeletal muscle.

Key Points: Muscle-specific genetic ablation of p21-activated kinase (PAK)2, but not whole-body PAK1 knockout, impairs glucose tolerance in mice. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake partly relies on PAK2 in glycolytic extensor digitorum longus muscle By contrast to previous reports, PAK1 is dispensable for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in mouse muscle.

Abstract: The group I p21-activated kinase (PAK) isoforms PAK1 and PAK2 are activated in response to insulin in skeletal muscle and PAK1/2 signalling is impaired in insulin-resistant mouse and human skeletal muscle.

Outcomes of Conservative Management of Splenic Injury Incurred During Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy.

Splenic injury is a rare complication after left-sided percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Although initial observation is often espoused, the natural history of nonoperative conservative management is not well established and the implications of splenic injury are not fully defined in this context. We sought to describe outcomes of conservative management of splenic injury incurred at PCNL.

Comorbidities in pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Puducherry and Tamil Nadu, India: Opportunities for intervention.

Background: We aimed to define characteristics of TB patients in Puducherry and two districts of Tamil Nadu, India and calculate the population attributable fractions (PAF) of TB from malnutrition and alcohol.

Methods: New smear-positive TB cases were enrolled into the Regional Prospective Observational Research for Tuberculosis (RePORT India) cohort. Census and National Family Health Survey data were used for comparisons.

Blockade of CCR2 reduces macrophage influx and development of chronic renal damage in murine renovascular hypertension.

Renovascular hypertension (RVH) is a common cause of both cardiovascular and renal morbidity and mortality. In renal artery stenosis (RAS), atrophy in the stenotic kidney is associated with an influx of macrophages and other mononuclear cells. We tested the hypothesis that chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) inhibition would reduce chronic renal injury by reducing macrophage influx in the stenotic kidney of mice with RAS.

Drosophila muller f elements maintain a distinct set of genomic properties over 40 million years of evolution.

The Muller F element (4.2 Mb, ~80 protein-coding genes) is an unusual autosome of Drosophila melanogaster; it is mostly heterochromatic with a low recombination rate. To investigate how these properties impact the evolution of repeats and genes, we manually improved the sequence and annotated the genes on the D.

Combined effect of hyperfiltration and renin angiotensin system activation on development of chronic kidney disease in diabetic db/db mice.

Background: Hypertension is a major risk factor for renal disease progression. However, the mechanisms by which hypertension aggravates the effects of diabetes on the kidney are incompletely understood. We tested the hypothesis that renovascular hypertension accelerates angiotensin-II-dependent kidney damage and inflammation in the db/db mouse, a model of type II diabetes.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of cysteine and site specific conjugated herceptin antibody-drug conjugates.

Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are monoclonal antibodies designed to deliver a cytotoxic drug selectively to antigen expressing cells. Several components of an ADC including the selection of the antibody, the linker, the cytotoxic drug payload and the site of attachment used to attach the drug to the antibody are critical to the activity and development of the ADC. The cytotoxic drugs or payloads used to make ADCs are typically conjugated to the antibody through cysteine or lysine residues.