Capturing high-resolution digital images for use in forensic document examination.

In the past, pattern disciplines within forensic science have periodically faced criticism due to their subjective and qualitative nature and the perceived absence of research evaluating and supporting the foundations of their practices. Recently, however, forensic scientists and researchers in the field of pattern evidence analysis have developed and published approaches that are more quantitative, objective, and data driven. This effort includes automation, algorithms, and measurement sciences, with the end goal of enabling conclusions to be informed by quantitative models.

An objective inter-comparison of trash mark constellations generated by manual and automated detection methods.

Trash marks are unintentional markings observed on printed, scanned, or photocopied documents that result from permanent defects or transient material in office machines and can be used for source attribution of questioned documents. Trash mark examinations have been in use in forensic laboratories for decades, yet the method remains relatively untested and relies on training, experience, and anecdotal information to support its validity. This study generated and harnessed objective data to empirically test one of the foundational theories for assessing the origin of photocopied documents: provided trash marks are present in sufficient quantity and/or quality, no two machines will exhibit a constellation of trash marks that is indistinguishable from another.

The classification of inkjet inks using AccuTOF™ DART™ (Direct Analysis in Real Time) mass spectrometry--a preliminary study.

A novel approach for the analysis of inkjet inks is being reported. A time-of-flight mass spectrometer, coupled with a Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART™) ion source (AccuTOF™ DART™), was used to determine if inkjet inks from various manufacturers and models of printers could be reliably differentiated, characterized, and identified. A total of 217 ink standards were analyzed.

The use of filtered light for the evaluation of writing inks analyzed using thin layer chromatography.

Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a scientific methodology that can be used to compare and characterize ink formulations. Occasionally, when evaluating chromatographic profiles on a TLC plate with ambient light, different ink formulations, or the same inks from different batches, may appear indistinguishable. The use of filtered light can be very effective to illuminate characteristics that are not readily apparent with ambient light.

The examination of commercial printing defects to assess common origin, batch variation, and error rate.

The examination of printing defects, or imperfections, found on printed or copied documents has been recognized as a generally accepted approach for linking questioned documents to a common source. This research paper will highlight the results from two mutually exclusive studies. The first involved the examination and characterization of printing defects found in a controlled production run of 500,000 envelopes bearing text and images.

An evaluation of matching unknown writing inks with the United States International Ink Library.

Utilizing a database of standards for forensic casework is a valuable resource. Undoubtedly, as more standards (and corresponding information about the specimens) are collected, there is a greater certainty of identification when a questioned and a known item cannot be distinguished after a series of analyses. The United States Secret Service and the Internal Revenue Service National Forensic Laboratory jointly maintain the largest known forensic collection of writing inks in the world, which is comprised of over 8500 ink standards collected worldwide, dating back to the 1920s.