Intraduodenal nutrient infusion differentially alters intestinal nutrient sensing, appetite, and satiety responses in lean and obese subjects.

Background: Intestinal nutrient sensing regulates food intake and energy metabolism by acting locally and relaying nutritional status to the brain. It is unclear whether these mechanisms are altered in obese humans.

Objectives: We aimed to investigate differences in duodenal nutrient sensing in humans with or without obesity and the effects of transiently blocking vagal transmission on nutrient sensing, hunger, and appetite.

Three-dimensional digital assessment of typodont activations.

Objectives: Wax typodonts are widely used as pre-clinical teaching tools to test and research the complex force systems created by archwire activations, however, a limitation is the inability to quantify the resultant statically indeterminate tooth movements. The aim of this study was to develop an analogue-to-digital typodont system to quantify the effects of archwire activations on individual typodont teeth in three dimensions.

Methods: The typodont system was developed using CAD/CAM technology.

Caloric Restriction and Weight Loss Are Primary Factors in the Early Tissue-Specific Metabolic Changes After Bariatric Surgery.

Objective: To evaluate changes in insulin sensitivity, hormone secretion, and hepatic steatosis immediately after caloric restriction, vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB).

Research Design And Methods: Obese subjects were assessed for 1) insulin sensitivity with hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp with glucose tracer infusion, 2) adipokine concentrations with serum and subcutaneous adipose interstitial fluid sampling, and 3) hepatic fat content with MRI before and 7-10 days after VSG, RYGB, or supervised caloric restriction.

Results: Each group exhibited an ∼5% total body weight loss, accompanied by similar improvements in hepatic glucose production and hepatic, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity.

Botulinum Injection Into the Proximal Intestinal Wall of Diet-Induced Obese Mice Leads to Weight Loss and Improves Glucose and Fat Tolerance.

Botulinum neurotoxin (available commercially as BOTOX) has been used successfully for treatment of several neuromuscular disorders, including blepharospasm, dystonia, spasticity, and cerebral palsy in children. Our data demonstrate that injection of Botox into the proximal intestinal wall of diet-induced obese (DIO) mice induces weight loss and reduces food intake. This was associated with amelioration of hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and significant improvement of glucose tolerance without alteration of energy expenditure.

Riboceine Rescues Auranofin-Induced Craniofacial Defects in Zebrafish.

Craniofacial abnormalities are a common group of congenital developmental disorders that can require intensive oral surgery as part of their treatment. Neural crest cells (NCCs) contribute to the facial structures; however, they are extremely sensitive to high levels of oxidative stress, which result in craniofacial abnormalities under perturbed developmental environments. The oxidative stress-inducing compound auranofin (AFN) disrupts craniofacial development in wildtype zebrafish embryos.

Biomechanical properties of the lips in a pre-orthodontic sample of adolescents and young adults.

Objectives: To assess biomechanical properties of the lip muscles and to investigate their relationship with sex, age, body mass index (BMI), and cephalometric variables.

Materials And Methods: Demographic information and BMI were collected from 83 study participants seeking orthodontic treatment at the University of Otago. Tone, stiffness, and elasticity of the lip muscles were measured thrice at four different anatomical sites using a digital palpation device.

Factors associated with orthodontic pain.

Background: Pain experienced at teeth during orthodontic treatment varies largely over time, with the reasons for its interindividual variability being largely unknown: age, sex, clinical activations, psychosocial factors and genetic polymorphisms of candidate genes are putative factors that may account to explain this variability. We aimed to investigate the effect of clinical, demographic, psychological and genetic factors on pain levels experienced during fixed orthodontic treatment.

Methods: A convenience sample of 183 patients undergoing full-fixed orthodontic treatment were recruited.

An Intermittent Fasting Mimicking Nutrition Bar Extends Physiologic Ketosis in Time Restricted Eating: A Randomized, Controlled, Parallel-Arm Study.

There has been increasing interest in time-restricted eating to attain intermittent fasting's metabolic benefits. However, a more extended daily fast poses many challenges. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of a 200-calorie fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) energy bar formulated to prolong ketogenesis and mitigate fasting-associated side effects.

Common variants of EDA are associated with non-syndromic hypodontia.

Objective: The aim of this case-control study was to investigate the association between non-syndromic hypodontia and nineteen common variants of candidate genes ectodysplasin A (EDA), paired box 9 (PAX9), msh homeobox 1 (MSX1) and axis inhibition protein 2 (AXIN2).

Settings And Sample Population: Sixty-one hypodontia cases were frequency-matched to 253 controls with no missing teeth (excluding the third molars).

Material And Methods: Self-report data and DNA samples were collected from each participant.

Evaluation of objective and subjective treatment outcomes in orthodontic cases treated with extraction of a mandibular incisor.

Objectives: To analyze changes in occlusal characteristics following mandibular incisor extractions (MIE), to determine the usefulness of wax setups in treatment planning MIE cases and to compare the pre- and posttreatment dental attractiveness between MIE cases and nonextraction (NE) controls.

Materials And Methods: The Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) Index was used to score pre- and posttreatment dental casts of MIE cases (n = 14) and matched NE controls (n = 14). Occlusal characteristics were evaluated on diagnostic wax setups and posttreatment casts.

Some orthodontists' experiences of volunteering for a community orthodontic initiative.

Introduction: In society, dental professionals, including orthodontists, are often viewed as being solely motivated by money. Nevertheless, numerous orthodontists volunteer for community initiatives where they provide free or heavily subsidized treatment for underserved populations. This study explores the motivations of a group of New Zealand orthodontists who volunteered for one of these initiatives, Wish For A Smile (WFAS), as well as the high and low points of this work.

Role of Bile Acids and GLP-1 in Mediating the Metabolic Improvements of Bariatric Surgery.

Background & Aims: Bile diversion to the ileum (GB-IL) has strikingly similar metabolic and satiating effects to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) in rodent obesity models. The metabolic benefits of these procedures are thought to be mediated by increased bile acids, although parallel changes in body weight and other confounding variables limit this interpretation.

Methods: Global G protein-coupled bile acid receptor-1 null (Tgr5) and intestinal-specific farnesoid X receptor null (Fxr) mice on high-fat diet as well as wild-type C57BL/6 and glucagon-like polypeptide 1 receptor deficient (Glp-1r) mice on chow diet were characterized following GB-IL.

Iran's Health Reform Plan: Measuring Changes in Equity Indices.

Background: Two years after the implementation of the Health Sector Evolution Plan (HSEP), this study evaluated the effects of the plan on health equity indices.

Methods: The main indices assessed by the study were the Out-of-Pocket (OOP) health expenditures, the Fairness in Financial Contribution (FFC) to the health system index, the index of households' Catastrophic Health Expenditure (CHE) and the headcount ratio of Impoverishing Health Expenditure (IHE).

Results: The per capita share of costs for total health services has been decreased.

Long-term changes in oral health-related quality of life of standard, cleft, and surgery patients after orthodontic treatment: A longitudinal study.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess long-term changes and describe the trajectories of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in a cohort of cleft, surgery, and standard patients who received orthodontic treatment.

Methods: Standard (n = 16), cleft (n = 19), and orthognathic surgery (n = 22) patients completed the short-form of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) before treatment, immediately posttreatment, and approximately 5 years posttreatment.

Results: An overall reduction in OHIP-14 scores (improvement in OHRQoL) occurred after orthodontic treatment; however, this was only significant for the surgery and standard groups (P <0.

Impact of skeletal divergence on oral health-related quality of life and self-reported jaw function.

Objective: To investigate the differences in oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and self-reported jaw function between patients with hyperdivergent and normodivergent facial types.

Methods: Eighty patients with a distinctively hyperdivergent facial type (mandibular plane angle greater than 2 standard deviations, or 42°) and 80 controls were individually matched according to age, sex, ethnicity, and treatment stage. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires such as the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) and Jaw Functional Limitation Scale (JFLS-8).

Effect of orthodontic treatment on the periodontal tissues.

Reduced periodontal support is a challenge that clinicians often face during rehabilitation of compromised dentition. The close and intricate relationship between the periodontal tissues and the processes of tooth movement suggest that adjunct orthodontic therapy may play an important role in overcoming these problems. On the other hand, excessive movement of teeth beyond the anatomic boundaries of the alveolar process is commonly believed to contribute to further destruction of the periodontal tissues.

Hypodontia: An Update on Its Etiology, Classification, and Clinical Management.

Hypodontia, or tooth agenesis, is the most prevalent craniofacial malformation in humans. It may occur as part of a recognised genetic syndrome or as a nonsyndromic isolated trait. Excluding third molars, the reported prevalence of hypodontia ranges from 1.

Metabolic responses to exogenous ghrelin in obesity and early after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in humans.

Aims: Ghrelin is a gastric-derived hormone that stimulates growth hormone (GH) secretion and has a multi-faceted role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, including glucose metabolism. Circulating ghrelin concentrations are modulated in response to nutritional status, but responses to ghrelin in altered metabolic states are poorly understood. We investigated the metabolic effects of ghrelin in obesity and early after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB).

Management of missing mandibular second premolars: a review.

Tooth agenesis is the most common developmental dental anomaly and it is frequently associated with other dento-skeletal disturbances, such as structural variations of other teeth, late dental eruption, transpositions and crowding. Except for the third molars, the mandibular second premolars are the most commonly missing teeth. Oral rehabilitation of patients with missing mandibular premolars often requires a multi-disciplinary approach, and usually results in prolonged treatment time and a greater burden of care.

Morphometric growth changes of the nasopharyngeal space in subjects with different vertical craniofacial features.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to morphometrically investigate the growth pattern of the adenoids in growing subjects with hyperdivergent and hypodivergent vertical craniofacial features.

Methods: In this retrospective study, we used a longitudinal sample of lateral cephalometric radiographs of 28 hyperdivergent and 30 hypodivergent subjects from 4 to 13 years of age. The radiographs were obtained from the American Association of Orthodontists Foundation Craniofacial Growth Legacy Collection.

Jejunal administration of glucose enhances acyl ghrelin suppression in obese humans.

Ghrelin is a gastric hormone that stimulates hunger and worsens glucose metabolism. Circulating ghrelin is decreased after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery; however, the mechanism(s) underlying this change is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that jejunal nutrient exposure plays a significant role in ghrelin suppression after RYGB.

Lipoprotein Profiles in Class III Obese Caucasian and African American Women with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

Triglyceride content in the liver is regulated by the uptake, production and elimination of lipoproteins, and derangements in these processes contribute to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Previous studies show a direct relationship between intrahepatic fat and production of apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100) containing particles, VLDL and LDL, but little consensus exists regarding changes in lipoprotein production in the development of simple steatosis (SS) versus nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Further, ethnic variations in lipoproteins among SS and NASH are unknown as is how such variations might contribute to the differential prevalence of disease among Caucasians versus African Americans.

Oral health-related quality of life changes in standard, cleft, and surgery patients after orthodontic treatment.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of orthodontic treatment on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in groups of standard patients with severe malocclusions; cleft lip, cleft palate, or cleft lip and palate patients; and orthognathic surgery patients.

Methods: The study sample consisted of 83 consecutive patients undergoing treatment at the orthodontic unit of Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand, divided into 3 groups: 30 adolescents with severe malocclusions; 24 adolescents with cleft lip, cleft palate, or cleft lip and palate; and 29 adults with severe skeletal discrepancies requiring both orthognathic surgery and orthodontic treatment. Each patient completed the Short Form of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) questionnaire before and after orthodontic treatment.