Atherogenic Dyslipidemia in Latin America: Prevalence, causes and treatment: Expert's position paper made by The Latin American Academy for the Study of Lipids (ALALIP) Endorsed by the Inter-American Society of Cardiology (IASC), the South American Society of Cardiology (SSC), the Pan-American College of Endothelium (PACE), and the International Atherosclerosis Society (IAS).

Unlabelled: This is an executive summary made by a group of experts named Latin American Academy for the study of Lipids (ALALIP). In the current clinical guidelines, atherogenic dyslipidemia (AD) is a poorly recognized entity. Due to the frequent lipid alterations associated with AD in Latin America (LA), we organized a group of experts named (ALALIP) to generate a document in order to analyze their prevalence and to offer practical recommendations.

Once-daily antiretroviral therapy in a cohort of HIV-infected children and adolescents.

We evaluated the evolution over time of once-daily antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected children and its relationship with adherence. An increase on the prevalence of once-daily antiretroviral therapy was observed over time (from 0.9% in 2002 to 44.

Antagonist rescue of agonist IVF cycle at risk of OHSS: a case series.

We describe a series of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) long protocol cycles presenting a risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) which were rescued with an antagonist at a university-based tertiary-care fertility centre. Nineteen IVF patients presenting a risk of OHSS during treatment with long protocol, between 2009 and November 2012 were included in the present study. After discussion of available options, the agonist was stopped and a daily gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist injection was initiated ("rescue protocol") and maintained until ovulation trigger.

Ranking potential impacts of priority and emerging pollutants in urban wastewater through life cycle impact assessment.

Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), a feature of the Life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, is used in this work outside the LCA framework, as a means to quantify the potential environmental impacts on ecotoxicity and human toxicity of wastewater containing priority and emerging pollutants. In order to do this, so-called characterisation factors are obtained for 98 frequently detected pollutants, using two characterisation models, EDIP97 and USES-LCA. The applicability of this methodology is shown in a case study in which wastewater influent and effluent samples from a Spanish wastewater treatment plant located in the Mediterranean coast were analysed.

[Evolution of HIV and HCV coinfected children receiving long-term lopinavir/ritonavir-based antiretroviral therapy].

Introduction: There are few studies investigating the effect of HCV coinfection on HIV-related disease among children.

Methods: We studied 5 HIV/HCV coinfected children receiving an LPV/r-containing HAART regimen. Their evolution was compared with a control group of 72 HIV-infected children.

[Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine failure in HIV-infected child. Clinical case].

Despite appropriate antimicrobial therapy and vaccination, invasive pneumococcal infections remain associated with significant mortality, especially in selected high-risk groups (asplenic, humoral immunity deficient patients, etc.). We present a 13-year-old caucasian boy with HIV infection (vertical transmission).

[Late onset group B Streptococcus infection: 7 year experience in a tertiary hospital (2000-2006)].

Introduction: Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a major cause of neonatal infection. Two forms of the disease have been described according to the age of presentation: early, beginning in the first 6 days of life, and late, occurring from day 7 up to 3 months of age.

Objectives: To analyze the epidemiology of the late onset form of GBS disease in a tertiary hospital after implementing preventive strategies aimed to reduce the rate of vertical transmission.

[Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome].

Introduction: Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is a rare disease caused by Staphylococcus aureus that produces exfoliative toxins. There are few epidemiological data in our environment.

Patients And Methods: We present an observational cohort study.

[Increase in the incidence of bacterial pneumonia between 2001 and 2004].

Aim: To study patients with typical community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) admitted to our hospital between 2001 and 2004 in order to analyze the incidence of this disease in our health area during this period.

Methods: A retrospective study was performed of patients with CAP admitted to our hospital from 2001 to 2004. Only those patients who fulfilled the criteria for typical pneumonia of possible bacterial origin based on clinical and radiological features and laboratory data were included.

[Why are HIV-infected infants still being born in Spain?].

Introduction: Despite the success of preventive measures against mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus-1 and -2 (HIV-1 and -2) in developed countries, HIV-infected infants continue to be born. The aim of this study was to evaluate failures in the prevention of MTCT and the clinical characteristics of infected infants.

Methods: The Foundation for the Investigation and Prevention of AIDS in Spain (FIPSE) Cohort in Madrid prospectively follows up children at risk of MTCT HIV born in eight public hospitals in Madrid.

[False negative diagnosis of HIV-1].

We report a case of a false negative diagnosis of HIV-1 infection in an African girl. Two HIV-1 DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests were negative at the second and fourth months of life. Because anti-HIV antibodies persisted when the patient was 18 months old, the HIV-1 RNA PCR test was performed with a positive result, confirming HIV-1 non-B subtype, recombinant A-G.

[Peritonsillar and retropharyngeal abscesses: study of 13 years].

Introduction: Peritonsillar and retropharyngeal abscesses are the most common deep head and neck infections. We present a series of patients with these infections.

Material And Methods: We performed a retrospective study of peritonsillar and retropharyngeal abscesses in children admitted to the Infectious Diseases Unit of our hospital between January 1991 and January 2004.

[Disseminated histoplasmosis].

We describe two cases of disseminated histoplasmosis, which are of interest due to their severity and the infrequency of this infection in our environment. Both children were immunocompromised immigrants from Latin America who developed prolonged fever, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly and pancytopenia. One patient had respiratory symptoms with associated alterations on x-ray, while no radiological alterations were found in the other patient.

Prevalence of fat redistribution and metabolic disorders in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children.

Unlabelled: In this study we assessed the prevalence of fat redistribution and metabolic disorders in a population of HIV-infected children on antiretroviral treatment. To make associations with epidemiological parameters, clinical-immune status, viral load and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), we performed a cross-sectional study in HIV-infected children. Epidemiological parameters (age, sex, family history), clinical and immune status, viral load, and duration of antiretroviral treatment (ART) and HAART, including protease inhibitors, were recorded.

[Incidence and clinical characteristics of Kawasaki's disease].

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence and clinical spectrum of Kawasaki's disease in children attended in our hospital.

Patients And Methods: Retrospective review of all children with Kawasaki's disease evaluated in the Department of Infectious Diseases of Hospital La Paz (Madrid, Spain) from January 1999 to June 2002. Information included clinical manifestations, age, sex, seasonal occurrence, treatment, development of cardiovascular abnormalities, and incidence rate.

[Anti-retroviral treatment of HIV infection in the child].

The treatment of HIV infection has changed recently in children and adults. The new guidelines are based on a better knowledge of viral pathogenesis, control of the infection and treatment effectiveness using the viral load, and the availability of new antiretroviral drugs. Cumulative clinical experience and the results of therapeutic trials suggest that treatment should begin early, before immune system disorders occur, in order to prevent viral dissemination and neurological involvement.

[Long-term follow-up study of 35 children with ADS treated with zidovudine (AZT)].

Thirty-five children diagnosed of AIDS were studied in order to evaluate toxicity and efficacy of oral Zidovudine treatment (AZT), as well as to analyze the clinical, biochemical, immunological and virological evolution of HIV infection throughout the treatment. Patients (19 males and 16 females) were studied from April 1988 to May 1990 with a mean follow-up time of 13.5 months (SD = 6.

[IgG2 deficiency associated with recurrent pneumonia and asthma (review of an IgG subclass)].

Very low levels of IgG2 were detected in a 7 1/2 years old girl affected by recurrent pneumonias and atopic related disease. A similar clinical picture was present in two siblings (of 9 and 4 years old), although their of IgG subclass deficiencies is made, with special emphasis on IgG2 and their relationship with recurrent sinopulmonary infections, atopy and other immunodeficiencies.

[Pulmonary tuberculosis in infants: apropos of 149 cases].

One hundred and forty-nine cases of childhood pulmonary tuberculosis were analysed being a 77.6% of the 192 cases of tuberculosis diagnosed at the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Department of "La Paz" Hospital, in a ten year period. The children were aged 3 months to 14 years; 65% of them were less than 6 years of age.

[Short term treatment of infantile pulmonary tuberculosis].

Due to the scarcity of published articles on short-course chemotherapeutic regimens for pediatric pulmonary tuberculosis, the following study has been carried out: Twenty-five children diagnosed of pulmonary tuberculosis were administered a short course therapeutic regimen consisting of three tuberculostatics for the first two month (isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide) and only two (isoniazid and rifampicin) for the following four months. The results were compared with those obtained from a control group of twenty-five children receiving the "classical" therapy: two drugs (isoniazid and rifampicin) for a nine month period. The statistical analysis did not demonstrate any significant difference related to evolution, duration and complications of the disease, between both groups.

[Boutonneuse fever in children].

Due to an increase in the number of cases of spotted fever, a prospective study was undertaken in 31 children affected by the disease, including clinical, laboratory and microbiological data from may to october of 1983. The most frequent symptoms found were: fever 100%, "tache noire" 87%, and a maculopapular rash 81%. The Weil-Felix reaction was positive in 65% of them and indirect immunofluorescence was positive in 81%, confirming the sensitivity and specificity of this serologic procedure.