Visual attention to alcohol labels: an exploratory eye-tracking experiment.

Current alcohol labelling goes unnoticed by consumers. In addition, EU legislation does not obligate the alcohol industry to include any health warning labels on alcohol packagings. This study aims to explore how the size and design of alcohol by volume (ABV) labels, along with the alcohol strength presented on these labels, influence visual attention toward them.

Alcohol pictorial health warning labels: the impact of self-affirmation and health warning severity.

Background: We examined whether enhancing self-affirmation among a population of drinkers, prior to viewing threatening alcohol pictorial health warning labels, would reduce defensive reactions and promote reactions related to behaviour change. We also examined how health warning severity influences these reactions and whether there is an interaction between self-affirmation and severity.

Methods: In this experimental human laboratory study, participants (n = 128) were randomised to a self-affirmation or control group.