First 3-D reconstruction of copulation in Lepidoptera: interaction of genitalia in Tortrix viridana (Tortricidae).

Background: The process of copulation in Lepidoptera is understudied and poorly understood from a functional perspective. The purpose of the present paper is to study the interaction of the male and female genitalia of Tortrix viridana Linnaeus, 1758 via three-dimensional models of pairs fixed during copulation. Other techniques (confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and histology) were used to clarify the role of the organs involved in the process.

The enigmatic case of the genus Argyresthia in the Azores Islands (Lepidoptera: Argyresthiidae).

The species composition of the genus Argyresthia Hübner, 1825 in the Azores is examined. Argyresthia brumella, sp. nov.

Two new species of Razowski & Becker, 2000 from the Neotropics, with comments on the systematic position of the genus in relation to the Amsel, 1962 group of genera (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae, Cochylini).

Two new species of the neotropical genus Razowski & Becker, 2000, are described and illustrated: Pérez Santa-Rita & Baixeras, from Bolivia and Pérez Sant-Rita & Baixeras, from Venezuela. The systematic position and diagnostic characters of the genus are reviewed, resulting in the synonymy of Razowski & Becker, 2000, with , and the combination (Razowski & Becker, 2000), New characters of the female genitalia are discussed.

Species conservation profile of moths (Insecta, Lepidoptera) from Azores, Portugal.

Background: The few remnants of Azorean native forests harbour a unique set of endemic moths (Insecta, Lepidoptera), some of them under severe long term threats due to small sized habitats or climatic changes. In this contribution, we present the IUCN Red List profiles of 34 endemic moths to the Azorean archipelago, including species belonging to two diverse families: Noctuidae (11 species) and Crambidae (eight species). The objective of this paper is to assess all endemic Azorean moth species and advise on possible future research and conservation actions critical for the long-trem survival of the most endangered species.

Description of a new genus of Euliina with unique coupling adaptations of the male and female (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Tortricinae: Cochylini).

Ancoruncus langeri, new genus and new species, is described and illustrated from the Neotropics (Bolivia). It is assigned to the tribe Cochylini (subtribe Euliina) in the family Tortricidae. Ancoruncus langeri is characterized by an unusual, strongly developed uncus, distally expanded into an anchor-like, bilobed apical process and a complex gnathos in male genitalia, as well as an unusual configuration of the anterior lobes of the papillae anales, and tergum 8 with the anterior area bearing a double pocket in the female genitalia.