Early Lead Exposure Associated with Molar Hypomineralization.

The purpose of this study was to determine the association between prenatal and early life exposure to lead and the presence of molar hypomineralization (MH) in a group of Mexican children. A subset of participants of the Early Life Exposure in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENTS) cohort study was examined for the presence of molar hypomineralization using European Academy of Pedi- atric Dentistry (EAPD) criteria. Prenatal lead exposure was assessed by K-ray fluorescence measurements of patella and tibia lead and by maternal blood lead levels by trimester and averaged over trimesters.

Association of Dietary Fluoride Intake and Diet Variables with Dental Caries in Adolescents from the ELEMENT Cohort Study.

To examine the association of dietary fluoride intake, total carbohydrate consumption and other key dietary variables with dental caries experience among adolescents, a cross-sectional analysis was conducted in a sample of 402 participants from the Early Life Exposures in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants cohort. The presence and severity of dental caries were assessed using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) to calculate the number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth or surfaces (D1MFT/D4MFT). The dietary intake of fluoride, energy, carbohydrates, and food groups was estimated using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ).

Development of a standardisation device for photographic assessment of dental fluorosis in field studies.

Purpose: This study evaluated the agreement between clinical and photographic assessment of dental fluorosis (DF) in 73 children during a field study, using portable equipment and a standardising device.

Materials And Methods: A dental exam was performed using the Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis (TSIF). Photographs of the facial aspects of front teeth and from the occlusal aspect of the mandibular posterior teeth were taken.

Dental fluorosis and altitude: a preliminary study.

Purpose: Previous studies have reported higher dental fluorosis prevalence in high-altitude communities than in low-altitude communities. This investigation determined and compared dental fluorosis prevalence in populations of children living at high and low altitudes in Mexico.

Materials And Methods: Fluorosis prevalence was determined in 7 to 10-year-old children: 67 in Mexico City (2,240 m) and 71 in Veracruz (sea level).

Development of a questionnaire to measure perceptions of, and concerns derived from, dental fluorosis.

Objective: To develop a questionnaire in English and Spanish to measure concerns caused by children's (and their parents') perceptions of dental appearance.

Materials And Methods: The questionnaire addressed concerns in the physical, mental, and social domains, perceptions about discolourations and other oral conditions including tooth colour. Test-retest and internal reliability, and construct and criterion validity, were assessed as part of the development process.

A review of the prevalence of dental fluorosis in Mexico.

Objective: There has been a worrisome increase in the prevalence of dental fluorosis worldwide. The objective of this study was to review research on dental fluorosis prevalence in Mexico in order to assess if that prevalence is rising and if dental fluorosis constitutes a public health problem for the country.

Methods: Clinical, experimental, and review reports were searched for in a number of bibliographic databases for scientific literature, using the search phrase "fluorosis and Mexico.

Fluoride intake from foods, beverages and dentifrice by children in Mexico.

Objectives: This investigation monitored fluoride ingestion in Mexican children who were susceptible to developing dental fluorosis.

Methods: Total fluoride intake, from dietary and toothpaste samples, was determined in 15-36-month-old children from Mexico City and Veracruz, Mexico. A duplicate plate technique was used.