Association between e-cigarette and conventional cigarette use among Spanish adolescents.

In recent years, studies have highlighted the upward trend in electronic cigarette use among adolescents, as well as the potential of e-cigarette use to lead to subsequent conventional cigarette use. The study's aims were two-fold: 1) to examine the progression from e-cigarette use to conventional cigarette use; and 2) to analyze the differences in the severity of smoking pattern among dual users (i.e.

Protocol for a Trial Assessing the Efficacy of a Universal School-Based Prevention Program for Addictive Behaviors.

Background: "Juego de Llaves" [ Set of Keys ] is a universal school-based prevention program for adolescents aged 12-15. It is aimed at reducing drug use and other addictive behaviors. This paper describes the full protocol for the evaluation design, instruments, randomization procedure, follow-ups, and primary outcomes.

No evidence of the clinical utility of single-item breakpoint to inform on tobacco demand in persons with substance use disorders.

Rationale: Behavioral economics has shown that single-item demand indicators are promising for capturing crucial aspects of nicotine reinforcement. It is suggested that brief breakpoint measures perform comparably to full-length demand indices in characterizing nicotine dependence; however, there have been no thorough assessments of their validity in clinical settings.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the validity and accuracy of a single-item breakpoint in informing on tobacco demand.

Concurrent validity of the Alcohol Purchase Task for measuring the reinforcing efficacy of alcohol: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background And Aims: An early meta-analysis testing the concurrent validity of the Alcohol Purchase Task (APT), a measure of alcohol's relative reinforcing value, reported mixed associations, but predated a large number of studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to: (1) estimate the relationships between trait-based alcohol demand indices from the APT and multiple alcohol indicators, (2) test several moderators and (3) analyze small study effects.

Methods: A meta-analysis of 50 cross-sectional studies in four databases (n = 18 466, females = 43.

[The COVID-19 psychological helpline of the Spanish Ministry of Health and Spanish Psychological Association: characteristics and demand.].

Between March and May 2020, the Spanish Ministry of Health and the Spanish Psychological Association created the Psychological First Care Service (Servicio de Primera Ayuda Psicológica-SPAP), a national helpline designed to provide early psychological intervention to those people affected by COVID-19. This service attended more than 15,000 calls and carried out more than 11,000 interventions and 9,500 follow-ups with the general population, healthcare and other essential professionals and the patients and relatives of the sick or deceased. Results show that the majority of calls (45.

Systematic Review of Preventive Programs for Reducing Problem Gambling Behaviors Among Young Adults.

Young adulthood is a developmental period from late adolescence to one's late twenties or early thirties. Prevalence studies internationally have reported that individuals in this age group tend to have the highest rates of problem gambling. However, much of the prevention work designed to minimize the risk of problem and disordered gambling has been primarily focused on school settings and aimed at high school students.

Substance Use and Gambling Patterns Among Adolescents: Differences According to Gender and Impulsivity.

Although alcohol, tobacco and cannabis are the most prevalent drugs used by adolescents, gambling is a growing concern due to its increasing popularity. To date there have been few studies exploring the existing patterns of concurrent use of drugs and gambling in adolescents. This study aims to identify subpopulations of adolescents using different substances and gambling activities, to explore gender differences and to examine impulsivity as a predictor of class membership.

The synergistic effect of cigarette demand and delay discounting on nicotine dependence among treatment-seeking smokers.

From a behavioral economics standpoint, tobacco addiction can be conceptualized as a reinforcer pathology deriving from high cigarette demand and elevated delay discounting (DD) rates. The primary aim of this study was to assess the interactive effects of cigarette demand and DD on nicotine dependence (ND) and cigarette consumption among a sample of treatment-seeking smokers. Participants were 277 smokers (68.

Polydrug use trajectories and differences in impulsivity among adolescents.

: Although alcohol, tobacco and cannabis are the most widely consumed drugs, sparse data exist regarding polydrug use in adolescents and its relationship with impulsivity. This study aims to identify trajectories of polydrug use and analyze differences in impulsivity between them. : A total of 1,565 adolescents (54.

Gambling Motives Questionnaire validation in adolescents: Differences based on gambling severity and activities.

Self-reported reasons for gambling have been highlighted as crucial to understanding why adults develop problems with gambling. However, research on motives among adolescents remains scarce. The aim of this study is to explore the factorial structure of the Gambling Motives Questionnaire (GMQ) and to analyze differences in motives among adolescents, depending on the gambling activity and level of gambling severity.

What Predicts What? Self-Reported and Behavioral Impulsivity and High-Risk Patterns of Alcohol Use in Spanish Early Adolescents: A 2-Year Longitudinal Study.

Background: The directionality of the relationship between impulsivity and heavy drinking patterns remains unclear. Recent research suggests it could be reciprocal and depends on different facets of impulsivity and different patterns of drinking. The aim of this study was to analyze this potential reciprocal relationship between self-reported and behavioral measures of impulsivity and sensation seeking with specific patterns of heavy drinking in a sample of Spanish adolescents across 2 years.

Trajectories of impulsivity by sex predict substance use and heavy drinking.

Although impulsivity and sensation seeking have been consistently associated with substance use, few studies have analyzed the relationship between changes in these variables and substance use in early adolescents. The aim of this study was to identify trajectories of impulsivity and sensation seeking and explore their relationship with substance use and heavy drinking. A total of 1342 non-user adolescents (53.

Cigarette demand among smokers with elevated depressive symptoms: an experimental comparison with low depressive symptoms.

Rationale: Individuals with depression smoke more than smokers without depression. Research has shown that cigarette demand is a useful tool for quantifying tobacco reinforcement and supposes a clinical predictor of treatment outcomes. Despite previous studies examining the relative reinforcing efficacy of nicotine among different populations of smokers, to date, no study has assessed cigarette demand among individuals with elevated depressive symptoms.

Long-term reliability and stability of behavioral measures among adolescents: The Delay Discounting and Stroop tasks.

Delay Discounting (DD) and the Stroop test are two fundamental tasks for the assessment of impulsivity and inhibitory control, core features of several behavioral disorders. Although the study of reliability and temporal stability is important, only studies with adults and small samples have been carried out. The aim of this study is to assess the one-year reliability and temporal stability of both tasks among adolescents.

The Relationship between Impulsivity and Problem Gambling in Adolescence.

Gambling has become one of the most frequently reported addictive behaviors among young people. Understanding risk factors associated with the onset or maintenance of gambling problems in adolescence has implications for its prevention and treatment. The main aim of the present study was to examine the potential relationships between impulsivity and problem gambling in adolescence.

Prevalence of Problem Gambling Among Adolescents: A Comparison Across Modes of Access, Gambling Activities, and Levels of Severity.

The high availability and accessibility of online gambling have recently caused public concern regarding the potential increase of gambling-related problems among young people. Nonetheless, few studies among adults and none among adolescents have explored specific characteristics of gamblers as a function of gambling venues to date. This study sought to analyze the prevalence of gambling among a sample of adolescents in the last year, as well as sociodemographic and gambling-related characteristics as possible predictors of at-risk and problem gambling.

Spanish adaptation and validation of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale for early adolescents (BIS-11-A).

Impulsivity has been associated with several psychiatric disorders such as substance abuse. The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) is one of the most commonly administered self-reports for the assessment of impulsiveness in both research and clinical settings. There is a version for adolescents called BIS-11-A, which has not been yet properly adapted to Spanish population.

Contingency management for substance use disorders in Spain: Implications for research and practice.

Objective: We provide a narrative review of published studies evaluating voucher-based contingency management (CM) treatment for cocaine, nicotine and cannabis use disorders in Spain and discuss the concerns and future challenges.

Method: Published studies between 2008 and 2015 that evaluated the impact of incentives for SUD in Spain and included an appropriate control or comparison condition were identified and reviewed.

Results: Adding voucher-based CM to standard treatments obtained better treatment retention and cocaine abstinence than standard care alone.

The association of both self-reported and behavioral impulsivity with the annual prevalence of substance use among early adolescents.

Background: In relation to substance use, Spanish adolescents aged 12 to 14 can be largely classified in four groups, from highest to lowest prevalence: (a) No substance use, (b) Only alcohol use, (c) Alcohol and tobacco use, and (d) Alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use. The aim of the present study is to analyze the possible relationship between impulsivity and the substance-use group to which the young person belongs

Methods: One thousand three hundred and forty-eight adolescents aged 12 to 14 in northern and eastern Spain reported their drug use, completed impulsivity self-reports (BIS-11-A and ImpSS) and performed behavioral tasks (Stroop Test and Delay Discounting).

Results: Results from both measurement approaches were related to early drug use.

Duration of Internet use and adverse psychosocial effects among European adolescents.

Despite the significant contributions from previous studies about the prevalence of problematic Internet use (PIU) among adolescents in Europe, important questions remain regarding adverse consequences of PIU. This study aims to assess the relation between duration of Internet use and adverse psychosocial effects among adolescents from six European countries. The final sample included 7,351 adolescents (50.

Contingency management for smoking cessation among treatment-seeking patients in a community setting.

Background: Contingency management (CM) is an efficacious intervention for reducing cigarette smoking. However, CM is rarely adopted as a smoking cessation treatment in the community. This study analyzed the effectiveness of a CM procedure in combination with a cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) for smoking cessation among treatment-seeking patients from the general population.

Which parenting style is more protective against adolescent substance use? Evidence within the European context.

Background: This study examines whether authoritative parenting style (characterized by warmth and strictness) is more protective against adolescent substances use than authoritarian (strictness but not warmth), indulgent (warmth but not strictness) and neglectful (neither warmth nor strictness) parenting styles. Emergent research in diverse cultural contexts (mainly Southern European and Latin American countries) questions the fact that authoritative would always be the optimum parenting style.

Design: Multi-factorial MANOVAs.

Decreased delay discounting in former cigarette smokers at one year after treatment.

Current cigarette smokers exhibit greater delay discounting relative to ex-smokers. However, few studies have assessed longitudinal changes in delay discounting and cigarette smoking. The purpose of this study was to assess changes in delay discounting of hypothetical monetary rewards and smoking among treatment-seeking smokers (N=80) at baseline, after 6 weeks of behavioral treatment, and at 12-month follow-up.

Attachment and substance use in adolescence: a review of conceptual and methodological aspects.

Attachment is currently considered one of the major risk and/or protective factors for substance use in adolescence. This paper reviews the most important studies published in the last 30 years in this field, focusing on the conceptual and methodological issues that may be making it more difficult to draw conclusions about the impact of attachment – especially attachment to parents – on substance use among youths. In general, the results indicate that secure attachment or stronger attachment between parents and children acts as a protective factor against drug use, even though there is a great variability in relation to the concept of addiction and its assessment.