Therapeutic drug monitoring of anti-tumour necrosis factor-α agents in inflammatory bowel disease: Limits and improvements.

Aims: Since the publication of the American Gastroenterological Association's recommendations in 2017, there have been no significant changes in the biological monitoring recommendations in inflammatory bowel disease. Possible limitations are the lack of evidence to recommend proactive therapeutic drug monitoring (pTDM) over reactive TDM (rTDM), and the limited information about individualized dosing methods. This article aims to review the TDM strategy updates and the use of individualized dosing methods.

Automated therapy preparation of isoleucine formulations using 3D printing for the treatment of MSUD: First single-centre, prospective, crossover study in patients.

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a rare metabolic disorder with a worldwide prevalence of 1 in every 185,000 live births. However, certain populations display a significant overexpression of the disorder where incidence is reported to be 1 in every 52,541 new-borns. The first-line therapy for MSUD involves a strict dietary leucine restriction and oral supplementation of isoleucine and valine.