Impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus on mortality and recurrence of clostridioides difficile infection.

Background: Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea. The infection is associated with a high mortality rate and risk of recurrence. We assessed risk factors for death or recurrent CDI (CDI) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM).

Impact of age on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare workers : Influence of nonoccupational risk factors.

Background: The incidence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV‑2) infection was highest among older adults early in the COVID-19 pandemic; however, this pattern was later reversed with young adults showing the highest incidence. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors in healthcare workers (HCWs) associated with this evolution.

Methods: We conducted a survey nested within a prospective cohort study of 680 HCWs from a tertiary referral public hospital who received 2 doses of SARS-CoV‑2 vaccine in January and February 2021 (VACCICO-VAO cohort).

[Analysis of the efficiency of hospitals in Castilla y León (Spain)].

Objective: The analysis of efficiency represents an area of growing interest in the field of public management. Hospital efficiency depends mainly on the use that the institution makes of its resources and their cost. The importance of hospital efficiency studies is justified by the fact that health spending is the second most important item of public spending.

Direct Medical Costs of Four Vaccine-Preventable Infectious Diseases in Older Adults in Spain.

Objective: Protection against vaccine-preventable diseases is especially relevant in older adults due to age-related decline in immunity (immunosenescence). However, adult vaccination remains a challenge with overall low coverage rates, which has an impact on both the patients who have these diseases and the health care system in terms of resource use and costs derived. This study aimed to estimate the direct economic impact of herpes zoster, pneumococcal disease, influenza and pertussis in Spanish adults 45 years and older.

CRISPR/CasRx Proof-of-Concept for RNA Degradation: A Future Tool against RNA Viruses?

Influenza viruses provide a great threat for the human population, causing highly contagious respiratory infections that can lead to serious clinical complications. There are a limited variety of influenza antivirals, and these antivirals are subjected to the constant emergence of resistances. Therefore, the development of new antiviral strategies to combat influenza viruses and other RNA viruses must be promoted.

Relative Effectiveness of Cell-Cultured versus Egg-Based Seasonal Influenza Vaccines in Preventing Influenza-Related Outcomes in Subjects 18 Years Old or Older: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Avian mutations in vaccine strains obtained from embryonated eggs could impair vaccine effectiveness. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the adjusted relative vaccine effectiveness (arVE) of seed cell-cultured influenza vaccines (ccIV) compared to egg-based influenza vaccines (eIV) in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza related outcomes (IRO) or IRO by clinical codes, in subjects 18 and over. We completed the literature search in January 2021; applied exclusion criteria, evaluated risk of bias of the evidence, and performed heterogeneity, publication bias, qualitative, quantitative and sensitivity analyses.

Do Vaccines Need a Gender Perspective? Influenza Says Yes!

Background: Sex differences in immune responses are well known. However, the humoral response in males and females in the case of influenza vaccination is yet to be characterized since studies have shown uneven results.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in 2,243 individuals (46.

Social Distancing, Lockdown and the Wide Use of Mask; A Magic Solution or a Double-Edged Sword for Respiratory Viruses Epidemiology?

The use of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), such as social distancing, lockdowns and the massive use of masks, have not only largely prevented the spread of SARS-CoV-2, but also of other respiratory viruses such as influenza or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). This decrease has been so high that, in most countries, the influenza and RSV epidemic has not occurred. Far from being a beneficial fact, this can be problematic, since the absence of circulation of certain pathogens can lead to a decrease in herd immunity against them.

The impact of influenza vaccination on cardiovascular disease.

Influenza infection has been identified as a triggering or exacerbating factor for cardiovascular events. To analyse the effect of influenza vaccination on cardiovascular disease, a systematic search of studies published between 2009-2019 was conducted. All the studies that evaluated the effect of vaccination against influenza on cardiovascular events and their outcome were considered.

Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccines Elicits Higher Antibody Responses against the A(H3N2) Subtype than Non-Adjuvanted Vaccines.

Background: vaccination is the best approach to prevent influenza infections so far. Serological studies on the effect of different vaccine types are important to address vaccination campaigns and protect our population. In our study, we compared the serological response against influenza A subtypes using the non-adjuvanted influenza vaccine (NAIV) in adults and the elderly and the adjuvanted influenza vaccine (AIV) in the elderly.

Quadrivalent cell culture influenza virus vaccine. Comparison to egg-derived vaccine.

Influenza virus infections pose a serious public health problem and vaccination is the most effective public health intervention against them. The current manufacture of influenza vaccines in embryonated chicken eggs entails significant limitations. These limitations have been overcome by producing vaccines in cell culture, which allow a faster and more flexible response to potential pandemic threats.

Comparative study of the prevalence of the human papilloma virus in Spanish and foreign women participating in a population screening programme in Castilla y León.

Introduction: The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of human papilloma virus (HPV) in Spanish and foreign women in a cervical cancer screening programme of Castilla y León and foreign women living in the community who participated in the programme.

Methods: This was an observational, descriptive, cross - sectional, retrospective study of period prevalence. The sample consisted of all the women included in the cervical cancer prevention programme of the Regional Ministry of Health of the Junta de Castilla y León who were screened for cervical cancer during the period from 2012 to 2014, aged between 25 and 64 years of age.

Diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection in Spain: An opportunity to improve.

Background: Reflex testing of antibodies and viral load in the same sample for diagnosing hepatitis C virus infection speeds up access to treatment. However, how hepatitis C is diagnosed in Spanish hospitals is unknown.

Objective: To describe the available resources and procedures for the diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection in Spain.

Seasonal influenza in Spain: Clinical and economic burden and vaccination programmes.

A literature review has been carried out to analyse the clinical burden, the economic impact of influenza and the efficiency of influenza vaccination programmes in Spain. The average incidence rate of influenza in Spain is 2,069 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, with a significant impact on mortality and a reduction of health-related quality of life. In terms of its associated costs, influenza causes a significant burden on primary care, hospitals, treatments and absences from work every year, which could total one billion euros per year.

Characterization of Biofilms Formed by Foodborne Methicillin-Resistant .

The objective of this study was to evaluate the capacity of 49 methicillin resistant (MRSA) from foods of animal origin (42 from dairy products and 7 from meat and meat products) to form biofilms. Overall, a higher biofilm biomass was observed for those MRSA strains harboring SCC type IV, while 8 MRSA strains (5 from dairy products and 3 from meat and meat products) were classified as strong biofilm formers in standard Tryptic Soy Broth medium. When a prolonged incubation period (48 h) was applied for those 8 MRSA strains, an increased biofilm biomass accumulation was observed during the time course, whereas the number of viable cells within the biofilms decreased as the biomass increased.

The efficiency of several one-step testing strategies for the diagnosis of hepatitis C.

Background: implementing one-step strategies for hepatitis C diagnosis would help shorten the time to treatment access. Thus avoiding disease progression and complications, while facilitating hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination.

Objective: to assess the validity and certainty of potential one-step strategies for the diagnosis of HCV infection and their associated cost and efficiency.

Risk factors for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonisation or infection in intensive care units and their reliability for predicting MRSA on ICU admission.

Predicting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in intensive care units (ICUs) avoids inappropriate antimicrobial empirical treatment and enhances infection control. We describe risk factors for colonisation/infection related to MRSA (MRSA-C/I) in critically ill patients once in the ICU and on ICU admission, and search for an easy-to-use predictive model for MRSA colonisation/infection on ICU admission. This multicentre cohort study included 69,894 patients admitted consecutively (stay>24h) in April-June in the five-year period 2006-2010 from 147 Spanish ICUs participating in the National Surveillance Study of Nosocomial Infections in ICUs (ENVIN-HELICS).

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Anorexia nervosa (AN) is the most prevalent of eating disorders in children and adolescents, and its treatment is long and complex, involving a multidisciplinary team. Nutritional rehabilitation and restoration of a healthy body weight is one of the central goals in the initial stages of inpatient treatment. However, current recommendations on initial energy requirements for these patients are inconsistent, with a clear lack of controlled studies, available scientific evidence and global consensus on the most effective and safe refeeding practices in hospitalized adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN).