Controlling As, Cd, and Pb bioaccumulation in rice under different levels of alternate wetting and drying irrigation with biochar amendment: A 3-year field study.

One challenging task to produce rice that comply with the increasing demanding regulations, is to reduce, simultaneously, grain bioaccumulation of As, Cd, and Pb. A 3-year field experiment was conducted in a Mediterranean environment, to evaluate the effects on As, Cd, and Pb bioaccumulation in rice grain, of the adoption of two levels of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation conditions: moderate and intensive (reflooding at -20 kPa and -70 kPa soil matric water potential, respectively), relative to the traditional permanent flood irrigation. Plots were prepared with or without a one-time holm oak biochar application (35 Mg ha), in the first year of the study.

Combined use of biochar and alternative management systems for imazamox induced pollution control in rice growing environments.

Imazamox (IMZX) is a persistent herbicide having probable risks for non-target organisms in the environment and water contamination. Alternatives to conventional flooding rice production, including biochar amendment, may induce changes in soil properties which can greatly modify the environmental fate of IMZX. This two-year study is the first to evaluate how tillage and irrigation practices, with or without fresh or aged biochar (Bc), that are alternatives to conventional rice production impact IMZX's environmental fate.

Medium-Term Effects of Sprinkler Irrigation Combined with a Single Compost Application on Water and Rice Productivity and Food Safety.

Traditional rice ( L.) management (tillage and flooding) is unsustainable due to soil degradation and the large amount of irrigation water used, an issue which is exacerbated in the Mediterranean region. Therefore, there is a need to explore rice management strategies in order to improve water-use efficiency and ensure its sustainability.

Effects of Combined Use of Olive Mill Waste Compost and Sprinkler Irrigation on GHG Emissions and Net Ecosystem Carbon Budget under Different Tillage Systems.

Traditional rice ( L.) production by flooding is a source of greenhouse gases (GHG), especially methane. The high consumption of water, as well as the chemical and physical degradation caused by these traditional practices in rice soils, is promoting a decrease in rice production in the Mediterranean area.

Combined use of olive mill waste compost and sprinkler irrigation to decrease the risk of As and Cd accumulation in rice grain.

Sprinkler irrigation has been successfully introduced in rice production as an alternative to the traditional flooding system, allowing water savings and the reduction of As accumulation in the grain. However, the same conditions can increase Cd mobility and grain accumulation, an effect that needs to be countered. A 3-year field experiment was set-up in a Mediterranean region (Extremadura, Spain), to evaluate how the application of compost from olive mill waste (single application, 80 t ha), influences the accumulation of As and Cd in the grain under different irrigation regimes.

How the environmental fate of clomazone in rice fields is influenced by amendment with olive-mill waste under different regimes of irrigation and tillage.

Background: Irrigation and tillage systems alone or in combination with organic amendments can strongly influence soil properties, which in turn may also modify the environmental fate of any pesticides applied. This study was aimed at determining how amendment with composted olive-mill waste (W) influenced leaching, sorption, and persistence of the herbicide clomazone in rice field soils under different tillage and irrigation management practices. The field trial conducted covered 3 years in succession, with six treatments: irrigation by sprinkler and conventional tillage without (ST) or with W application (80 Mg ha ) (STW), irrigation by sprinkler but no tillage (SNT), irrigation by sprinkler but no tillage with W application (SNTW), and continuous flooding irrigation and tillage without (FT) and with W application (FTW).

Behaviour of bentazon as influenced by water and tillage management in rice-growing conditions.

Bentazon is a widely used herbicide in rice agroecosystems that has commonly been found in water resources. To assess how tillage and water regimes affect sorption/desorption, dissipation and leaching of bentazon in Mediterranean rice-growing conditions, field experiments were carried out using tillage and flooding (TF), tillage and sprinkler irrigation (TS), no-tillage and sprinkler irrigation (NTS) and long-term no-tillage and sprinkler irrigation (NTS7). After 3 years, the K values in TS were 2.

De-oiled two-phase olive mill waste may reduce water contamination by metribuzin.

The impact of de-oiled two-phase olive mill waste (DW) on the behavior of metribuzin in Mediterranean agricultural soils is evaluated, and the effects of the transformation of organic matter from this waste under field conditions are assessed. Four soils were selected and amended in the laboratory with DW at the rates of 2.5% and 5%.

Impact of oiled and de-oiled olive mill waste amendments on the sorption, leaching, and persistence of S-metolachlor in a calcareous clay soil.

Agricultural practices based on periodic inputs of organic amendments are strongly recommended for Mediterranean agro-ecosystems. Such amendments can change the soil's properties and transport characteristics, and hence affect the behaviour and fate of pesticides. S-metolachlor is an herbicide commonly used in intensive crops.