Strategic considerations on developing a CHIKV vaccine and ensuring equitable access for countries in need.

Chikungunya is an arboviral disease caused by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) afflicting tropical and sub-tropical countries worldwide. It has been identified as a priority pathogen by the Coalition for Epidemics Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) and as an emerging infectious disease (EID) necessitating further action as soon as possible by the World Health Organization (WHO). Recent studies suggest that disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to CHIKV infection are as high as 106,089 DALYs lost globally.

[One hundred years of the : visualizing its contentCem anos da : visualização do seu conteúdo].

Objectives: Explore how the content of the articles published by the during its 100 years of existence has aligned with the key health issues of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO).

Methods: A bibliometric analysis was carried out, with visualization of its results. Information on articles published in the Journal was retrieved from PAHO's Institutional Repository for Information Sharing (IRIS) for the first 75 years and Scopus for the last 25 years, until February 2022; References to Governing Bodies documents and statements by the directors were used to establish PAHO's key themes.

Landscape of research, production, and regulation in venoms and antivenoms: a bibliometric analysis.

Objectives: To assess the productivity and visibility in research, clinical studies, treatment, use and production of antivenoms against poisonous snakes, scorpions and spiders.

Methods: Bibliometric analysis of research and other activities. Articles on venoms and antivenoms published between 2000 and 2020 were retrieved from the Scopus database.

The direct effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on invasive pneumococcal disease in children in the Latin American and Caribbean region (SIREVA 2006-17): a multicentre, retrospective observational study.

Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from patients with invasive pneumococcal disease has been subjected to laboratory-based surveillance in Latin American and Caribbean countries since 1993. Invasive pneumococcal diseases remain a major cause of death and disability worldwide, particularly in children. We therefore aimed to assess the direct effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) on the distribution of pneumococcal serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease in children younger than 5 years before and after PCV introduction.

[Regional System for Vaccines (SIREVA), laboratory surveillance and vaccine development for : bibliometric analysis, 1993-2019].

Objective: To measure through bibliometric analysis the productivity, visibility and impact of the Regional System for Vaccines (SIREVA, a project by the Pan American Health Organization), including its two components laboratory surveillance and vaccine development.

Methods: Publications about laboratory surveillance and vaccine development were recovered from Scopus, including their references and citations, and their bibliometric indicators were analyzed. VOSviewer 1.

[Conceptual map of public health and intellectual property in Cuba: 2020 updateMapa conceitual sobre saúde pública e propriedade intelectual em Cuba: atualização de 2020].

This study identifies and describes the changes introduced in Cuba's constitutional and legal framework, and the country's economic and social policy between 2015 and 2020, in terms of the effects on access to health. The conceptual map of public health and intellectual property in Cuba was also updated. A document search for the time period of the study was conducted in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Cuba and on the webpages of the Cuban Office of Industrial Property, Cuban government agencies, and the Cuban Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Industries group (BioCubaFarma).

[Vaccine rejection and vaccination management: the grey areasRecusa vacinal e gestão da imunização: nuances e contrastes].

Vaccinating children has been an unquestioned tradition for many years. However, there is now great concern over the growing rejection of childhood vaccination, as well as other less evident obstacles that affect vaccination coverage.Multiple factors are involved in the rejection of a specific vaccine or vaccination in general, including actions by anti-vaccination groups, as well as disinformation or the dissemination of erroneous information.

[Public health and intellectual property in Cuba: a conceptual map].

Objective: The objective of this study is to analyze the legal framework for health and intellectual property in Cuba and its impact on people's access to health resources and on the roles of different social actors.

Methods: The methods used were those developed by the Pan American Health Organization to implement the project of the Conceptual Map on Public Health and Intellectual Property.

Results: Information retrieved specifically on the legal framework for the National Health System, the Intellectual Property System and the strengthening of the country's biopharmaceutical industry-and on the framework's development over time-was processed and analyzed to generate Cuba's Conceptual Map on Public Health and Intellectual Property.

Public vaccine manufacturing capacity in the Latin American and Caribbean region: current status and perspectives.

The vaccine global market is currently growing at a rate of 16.52%. Nowadays the vaccine manufacturing industry is limited in the sense that not all vaccine manufacturers have the capacity to execute all the steps necessary to produce a successful product.

Laboratory-based surveillance of Streptococcus pneumoniae invasive disease in children in 10 Latin American countries: a SIREVA II project, 2000-2005.

Background: For the last 14 years the Pan American Health Organization has been promoting surveillance of invasive pneumococcal disease in Latin American children for better understanding of the disease tendencies regarding capsular types circulation in each country and susceptibility to antimicrobials.

Methods: Laboratory-based surveillance data from 10 Latin American countries collected from 2000 to 2005 were analyzed, including serotype distribution and susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.

Results: Although 61 different capsular types were identified during the 6-year surveillance, 13 serotypes accounted for 86% of all isolates.

[Resistance to non-beta-lactam antibiotics in the clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae of children in Latin America. SIREVA II, 2000-2005].

Objective: To examine the development of resistance to erythromycin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ), and vancomycin of the invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae obtained from children in 10 Latin American/Caribbean countries during six years of surveillance.

Methods: Analysis of 8 993 isolates of S. pneumoniae recovered in 2000-2005 from children with invasive infections, who were less than 6 years of age, and from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, or Venezuela.

[Characterization of invasive isolates of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and N. meningitidis in Latin America and the Caribbean: SIREVA II, 2000-2005].

Objectives: To analyze the phenotypical characteristics and the susceptibility to antibiotics of the circulating strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis circulating in Latin America and the Caribbean from 2000-2005. Potential coverage by conjugate vaccines was evaluated.

Methods: Conventional methods were used to study the distribution of the serotypes or serogroups of 17 303 strains of S.

[Streptococcus pneumoniae: serotype evolution and patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility in invasive isolates from 11 years surveillance (1994 -2004) in Colombia].

Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children and adults in the world.

Objective: Analysis of data from laboratory surveillance of S. pneumoniae, invasive isolates recovered from 1994 to 2004.

Increase in numbers of beta-lactam-resistant invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in Brazil and the impact of conjugate vaccine coverage.

A comprehensive investigation of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae was carried out in Brazil as part of the programme of the national epidemiological surveillance system. The investigation provided data on the trends of resistance to antimicrobial agents. A total of 6470 isolates of S.

[The economic costs of pneumonia in children under 2 years of age in Colombia].

Objective: To analyze the costs of pneumonias presumed to be of viral or bacterial origin, as diagnosed by chest X ray, in four reference center hospitals in three cities in Colombia.

Methods: A total of 128 cases of pneumonia (64 bacterial cases and 64 viral cases) that had consecutively entered the hospitals in the study between July 2001 and January 2003 were investigated. The diagnosis of pneumonia was based on chest X rays.

Effectiveness of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination against bacterial pneumonia in Colombia.

Aims: To assess the effectiveness of a Hib vaccination program against X-ray defined bacterial pneumonia in children <2 years in Colombia.

Methods: 389 cases of radiologically confirmed pneumonia were recruited from hospitals in Bogota and Medellin, Colombia. Two controls per case, matched on age, sex, and socio-economic level, were selected from children attending child health services at the hospitals where pneumonia cases were admitted.

Typing of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated during epidemiological surveillance in Brazil: towards novel pneumococcal protein vaccines.

Pneumococcal protein vaccine based on pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is in development with the potential to offer broad range of protection against different strains. We have investigated the frequency of PspA family 1 (Fam1) and family 2 (Fam2) proteins among Streptococcus pneumoniae recovered from ongoing surveillance in Brazil. Fam1 and Fam2 were expressed in comparable rates among 366 isolates, with the potential coverage of 94.