[Health care for trans people: a bioethical reflection].

Health care for trans people has not been among the priorities of Bioethics, so that in most of the manuals of this discipline there is no reference to this issue, or it is covered in a rather simple or measured way. However, it is necessary to note that in the last decade the bioethical debate, on gender issues in general and on transsexualism in particular, has increased significantly. This work seeks to offer the transsexual person, the health professional or the student on the trans topic tools to articulate their particular bioethical reflection.

[Health conscientious objection in Gonzalo Herranz's thought].

Conscientious objection in the healthcare professions was a topic that Gonzalo Herranz addressed early on and with a very particular perspective. At all times he moved away from a strictly legal discussion to delve into the real grounds that justify a healthcare agent's refusal to submit to a certain rule, considering that it goes against his or her conscience. This article presents some of the main issues that Professor He- rranz addressed in his publications and conferences in relation to conscientious objection.

Quantification of opioid dependence and abuse prevalence in the United States between 2017 and 2018.

Objectives: To quantify the prevalence of opioid drug dependence and abuse in United States between 2017 and 2018 and identify which opioid molecules are associated with a higher level of dependence and abuse.

Design: National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) data for 2017 and 2018 have been extracted. The variables related to painkillers were studied, the most important ones were selected, and several variable crosses were made.

[Assessment of the suppression of puberty in children with gender identity problems].

The objective of this article is to reflect on the opportunity and risk of the proposed treatments to address gender identity problems in that sector of the population. In most of the protocols for the care of minors with gender identity problems, the abolition of puberty is proposed as a method of choice. This technique consists in the administration of reversible agonists of GnRH to provoke a suppression of the hormonal expression of the minor and, thus, the development of the sexual characters of their gender.

[Economic Dimension of Surrogacy Maternity (″Rooms For Rent″)].

Maternity by subrogation has an important economic dimension that, in the last years, has been even more potentiated. It is a multimillion-dollar industry that, on the other hand, takes advantage of women with low economic resources. Faced with this, there is an important criticism, carried out by different groups, that refer to this sector with such questionable terms as ″uterine rental industry″, ″baby farms″, ″children's factories″, etc.

[The social stigma of obesity].

People who are overweight are at increased risk of certain chronic diseases and premature death. However, the physiological consequences are not limited to health symptoms and signs but transcend the social field. In fact, the stigma and discrimination faced by obese people has been proven in multiple areas (work, family, education, etc.

A systematic review of the influence of opioids on advanced cancer patient survival.

Purpose Of Review: Many health professionals still believe that opioids shorten the lifespan of patients. This situation implies that the ethical doctrine of double effect is often invoked to justify their use in extreme circumstances. The objective of this study is to revise the evidence existing in the recently published literature regarding the effect on patient survival of opioid used to control disease symptoms.

[Personalist bioethics in the university curriculum].

Growing awareness of the importance of Bioethics has meant that this subject has taken on an increasingly important role in higher education. However, its incorporation into the educational syllabus at different levels has been slower than might have been expected, particularly at pre-university and undergraduate level. This article reviews the current situation of personalist Bioethics in the university curriculum.

[An approach to the legal and ethical problem of surrogate motherhood].

Surrogate motherhood is an issue which currently gives rise to considerable complexity. Some consider that it is a justifiable practice which should be permitted by law. However, western legal systems have traditionally understood that whereas objects can be traded freely, persons, including the human body, its organs and most essential functions, cannot be the object of commerce.

[Bias in publications about the mechanism of action of the morning-after pill].

The morning-after pill or ECP (levonorgestrel) first came into use in the late 20th century, but has only become widely available in the last ten years. Its introduction has been facilitated by health policies which have led to the removal of certain obstacles hindering its use. In this context, sociological, statistical and scientific data have been employed which have often turned out to be biased or partial in nature.

Spanish women's attitudes towards post-fertilization effects of birth control methods.

Objective: Some methods of family planning, such as oral contraceptives, emergency pill or intrauterine device, may occasionally work after fertilization. These effects may be important to some women. We explored Spanish women's attitudes towards contraceptive choices that may have occasional post-fertilization mechanisms of action.

[AIDS and social justice: pharmaceutical industry and economics].

This article takes a broad look at the complicated framework of relationships between the third world and pharmaceutical companies. In the first part of the work reference is made to the poverty of these countries, their lack of education in terms of health, the scarcity of basic hygiene, and their greatly limited access to medicines, especially those for treating AIDS. The article then proceeds to the issue of the pharmaceutical companies' degree of responsibility for the reduced availability of medicines in certain areas of the world.