Subacute encephalopathy with seizures in alcoholics (SESA) syndrome: Relevant questions.

Objective: The aim of this article is to answer three relevant issues: i/What epileptic condition is referred to as subacute encephalopathy with seizures in alcoholics (SESA) syndrome; ii/ Why it can be important to distinguish SESA syndrome in clinical practice and iii/ What do we know about its pathophysiology.

Methods: We reviewed all cases published in the English language from the initial description of the syndrome to the present. All met the previously established criteria for SESA syndrome were included in our analysis.

Subacute encephalopathy with seizures in alcoholics (SESA) syndrome.

Purpose: To describe four patients with subacute encephalopathy with seizures in alcoholics (SESA) syndrome and to review its clinical, electroencephalogram (EEG), neuroimaging and diagnostic criteria.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of a series of prospectively collected patients who met the previously established criteria for SESA syndrome. Subsequently, we reviewed all cases published in the English language from the initial description to the present.

Bispectral index monitoring to detect delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Purpose: Evaluate the bispectral index (BIS) monitoring to detect delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH).

Materials And Methods: A single-center prospective study in patients with aSAH. BIS monitoring was recorded during 25-120 min in two periods, within the initial 72 h (BIS1) and between days 4 and 6 (BIS2) from admission.

Typical absence status epilepticus in older people: syndromic delineation.

Objective We describe the clinical, electroencephalograph^ and neuroimaging findings of older patients with typical absence status epilepticus (ASE). Methods This investigation was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected consecutive patients between January 2011 and October 2021. All patients ≥60 years with impairment of awareness and continuous generalized, rhythmic, synchronous and symmetric epileptiform discharges and normal background on video-electroencephalogram (vEEG) were included.

A prospective evaluation of phrenic nerve injury after lung transplantation: Incidence, risk factors, and analysis of the surgical procedure.

Background: Phrenic nerve injury (PNI) is a complication of lung transplantation related to the surgical procedure and associated with increased morbidity. However, the incidence and risk factors, specifically regarding surgical techniques, have not been adequately studied.

Methods: We conducted a prospective single-center study over 4-years, in recipients of lung transplantation with a normal pretransplant phrenic nerve conduction study (PNCS).

Intracortical focal non-convulsive status epilepticus causing cerebral hypoxia and intracranial hypertension.

We describe the pathophysiological consequences and long-term neurological outcome of a patient with acute brain injury (ABI) in whom intracortical electroencephalography (iEEG) captured an episode of prolonged focal non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) that remained undetectable on scalp electroencephalography. A 53-year-old right-handed woman was admitted to hospital due to a large frontal left intraparenchymal hematoma. Over two and a half days, we captured recurrent non-convulsive electrographic and electroclinical seizures compatible with the diagnosis of intracortical focal NCSE.

Atypical or Typical Triphasic Waves-Is There a Difference? A Review.

The entity of triphasic waves (TWs) and TW encephalopathy has derived from the subjective art of EEG interpretation. Indeed, there are few if any guidelines regarding many different aspects of TWs. The authors seek to shed light on the nature and the diagnostic characteristics of various types of TWs, differentiating "typical" from "atypical" forms.

Triphasic Waves: Historical Overview of an Unresolved Mystery.

Triphasic waves are a fascinating and mysterious EEG feature. We now have to accept that, at times, epileptiform discharges may have a blunted "triphasic morphology," and that there may be great difficulty in distinguishing between these often similar forms. The aim of this review was to describe the evolution in our understanding of triphasic waves that has occurred regarding the pathophysiology of triphasic waves, their most frequent causes, and the diagnostic difficulties involved in interpretation and differentiation from nonconvulsive status epilepticus.

Lingual epilepsia partialis continua: a detailed video-EEG and neuroimaging study.

Motor epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) is a frequent and widely described variant of simple focal motor status epilepticus. However, lingual EPC is an unusual epileptic condition. We present a case of lingual EPC secondary to low-grade glioma in which the EEG and neuroimaging features were particularly remarkable.

Epilepsia partialis continua and cortical motor control: insights into physiology.

Motor epilepsia partialis continua is a widely described variant of simple focal motor status epilepticus. However, few studies have addressed associated pathophysiological anomalies that may help us understand the cortical organization, basic functioning and control of voluntary movement. We describe the clinical, video-EEG and neuroimaging findings from two cases of motor epilepsia partialis continua that support the hypothesis of the coexistence of both classic body and complex motor map models in the cortical organization of voluntary movement in humans.

The observation period after clinical brain death diagnosis according to ancillary tests: differences between supratentorial and infratentorial brain injury.

Objective: To determine the optimal observation period (OBP) in adults with a clinical diagnosis of brain death (BD) using electroencephalography (EEG) or computerized tomography angiography (CTA).

Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational analysis of adult patients with a diagnosis of BD from January 2000 to February 2017. The optimal OBP was defined as the minimum time interval from the first complete clinical neurological examination (CNE) that ensures that neither a second CNE nor any ancillary test (AT) performed after this period would fail to confirm BD.

Subacute Encephalopathy With Seizures in Alcoholics Syndrome: A Subtype of Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus.

A recent assessment of the classification of nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) has incorporated the specific electroencephalographic (EEG) patterns on a syndromic basis. Such a clinical EEG syndromic approach may enable more accurate and expedited diagnosis of particular subtypes of NCSE so as to improve therapy. Herein, we review the characteristics of subacute encephalopathy with seizures in alcoholics syndrome, a subtype of focal NCSE occurring in chronic alcoholism with specific features, including encephalopathy, lateralized periodic discharges on the EEG, chronic microvascular ischemia on neuroimaging studies, and possible recurrence when chronic antiseizure treatment is stopped.

Tonic status epilepticus in a centenarian woman.

Generalized tonic status epilepticus (TSE) is a rare epileptic condition. It occurs usually in the context of symptomatic generalized epilepsy, in particular, in subjects with a diagnosis of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, atypical forms of idiopathic (genetic) generalized epilepsy, or as a paradoxical effect during treatment with diverse antiepileptic drugs. Herein, we describe the case of an elderly woman on chronic treatment with psychotropic drugs who developed an episode of generalized TSE.

When is "brainstem death" brain death? The case for ancillary testing in primary infratentorial brain lesion.

The widely accepted concept of brain death (BD) comprises the demonstration of irreversible coma in combination with the loss of brainstem reflexes and irreversible apnea. In some countries the combined clinical finding of coma, apnea, and loss of all tested brainstem reflexes ("brainstem death") is sufficient for diagnosing BD irrespective of the primary location of brain lesion. The present article aims to substantiate the need for ancillary testing in patients with primary infratentorial brain lesions.

Postanoxic alpha, theta or alpha-theta coma: Clinical setting and neurological outcome.

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prognosis of 26 consecutive adults with alpha coma (AC), theta coma (TC) or alpha-theta coma (ATC) following CRA and to describe the clinical setting and EEG features of these patients.

Methods: We retrospective analyzed a prospectively collected cohort of adult patients diagnosed as having AC, TC or ATC after CRA between January 2008 and June 2016. None of patients included in this analysis underwent therapeutic hypothermia (TH).

Subacute Encephalopathy With Seizures in Alcoholics (SESA) Presenting as Focal Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus.

Purpose: To acquaint readers with the underrecognized subacute encephalopathy with seizures in chronic alcoholics (SESA) that has more recently been associated with different types of status epilepticus.

Methods: Case reports and review of the literature on SESA and nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE).

Results: Two cases: one with alternating bifrontoparietal NCSE, and one with focal, confusional NCSE, with imaging and EEG correlates.

De novo absence status epilepticus of late onset (DNASLO) precipitated by oral treatment with cefuroxime: description of an ambulatory case.

We describe the case of an elderly woman with an episode of ambulatory de novo absence status epilepticus of late onset (DNASLO) after oral treatment with cefuroxime. A high level of suspicion of DNASLO in cases of unexplained confusion in adults or elderly subjects taking cephalosporins is essential to prompt an emergency EEG and, in turn, rapidly achieve an appropriate diagnosis and enable optimal treatment.