Repurposing approved drugs as potential efflux pump inhibitors in multidrug-resistant .

To evaluate the action of promethazine, fluoxetine and carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone as efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) against multidrug-resistant . The effect of the compounds was evaluated in planktonic cells and bacterial biofilms. Accumulation tests were performed with ethidium bromide to prove their action as EPIs.

Anthraquinones against : antifungal interaction, biofilm inhibition and pathogenicity in the model.

Cryptococcal biofilms have been associated with persistent infections and antifungal resistance. Therefore, strategies, such as the association of natural compounds and antifungal drugs, have been applied for the prevention of biofilm growth. Moreover, the pathogenicity model has been used to investigate the capacity to inhibit the pathogenicity of .

Antibiofilm activity of promethazine, deferiprone, and Manuka honey in an ex vivo wound model.

This study evaluated the antibiofilm activity of promethazine, deferiprone, and Manuka honey against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro and ex vivo in a wound model on porcine skin. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the effects of the compounds on biofilms were evaluated. Then, counting colony-forming units (CFUs) and confocal microscopy were performed on biofilms cultivated on porcine skin for evaluation of the compounds.

Chitosan microparticles loaded with essential oils inhibit duo-biofilms of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans.

Objective: Oral candidiasis is a common fungal infection that affects the oral mucosa, and happens when Candida albicans interacts with bacteria in the oral microbiota, such as Streptococcus mutans, causing severe early childhood caries. C. albicans and S.

β-Estradiol and progesterone enhance biofilm development and persister cell formation in monospecies and microcosms biofilms derived from vulvovaginal candidiasis.

The present study aimed to: (1) evaluate the influence of the steroid hormones (SH) on biofilm development; (2) investigate the formation of persister cells (PC) in biofilms; and (3) investigate the influence of SH on PC formation. Biofilms were derived from vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) samples and evaluated by three models: microcosm biofilms grown in Vaginal Fluid Simulator Medium (MiB-VFSM); monospecies biofilms grown in VFSM (MoB-VFSM) and RPMI media (MoB-RPMI). SH altered cell counting and biomass of biofilms grown in VSFM; MoB-RPMI were negatively affected by SH.

Antifungal activity of sustainable histone deacetylase inhibitors against planktonic cells and biofilms of Candida spp. and Cryptococcusneoformans.

The limited therapeutic options for fungal infections and the increased incidence of fungal strains resistant to antifungal drugs, especially Candida spp., require the development of new antifungal drugs and strategies. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), like vorinostat, have been studied in cancer treatment and have antifungal effects, acting alone or synergistically with classical antifungals.

Effect of promethazine on biofilms of gram-positive cocci associated with infectious endocarditis.

This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of promethazine against , and and its effect on the antimicrobial susceptibility of biofilms grown and on porcine heart valves. Promethazine was evaluated alone and in combination with vancomycin and oxacillin against spp. and vancomycin and ceftriaxone against in planktonic form and biofilms grown and .

Promethazine inhibits efflux, enhances antifungal susceptibility and disrupts biofilm structure and functioning in .

spp. are emerging opportunistic fungi associated with invasive infections, especially in patients with haematological malignancies. The present study investigated the inhibition of efflux pumps by promethazine (PMZ) as a strategy to control and .

Standardization of in vitro dual-species biofilms of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Malassezia pachydermatis: a strategy to establish an ex vivo biofilm model.

Ex vivo experiments have been performed aiming at mimicking in vivo environments. The main aim of this research was to standardize in vitro dual-species biofilm formation by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Malassezia pachydermatis as a strategy to establish an ex vivo biofilm model. Initially, the in vitro formation of biofilms in co-culture was established, using YPD medium, inoculum turbidity of 0.

effect of the iron chelator deferiprone on the antimicrobial susceptibility and biofilms of .

This study evaluated the effect of the iron chelator deferiprone (DFP) on antimicrobial susceptibility and biofilm formation and maintenance by . Planktonic susceptibility to DFP alone and in combination with antibiotics was evaluated by broth microdilution and biofilm metabolic activity was determined with resazurin. DFP minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range was 4-64 µg/mL and in combination reduced the MIC for amoxicillin/clavulanate and meropenem.

Virulence factors of Gram-negative bacteria from free-ranging Amazon river dolphins (Inia geoffrensis).

Freshwater cetaceans play a significant role as sentinel animals, providing important data on animal species and aquatic ecosystem health. They also may serve as potential reservoirs of emerging pathogens and host virulence genes in their microbiota. In this study, we evaluated virulence factors produced by Gram-negative bacteria recovered from individuals belonging to two populations of free-ranging Amazon river dolphins (Inia geoffrensis).

Ex vivo wound model on porcine skin for the evaluation of the antibiofilm activity of polyhexamethylene biguanide and ciprofloxacin.

This study aimed to standardize the use of an ex vivo wound model for the evaluation of compounds with antibiofilm activity. The in vitro susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 to ciprofloxacin and polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) was evaluated in planktonic and biofilm growth. The effects of ciprofloxacin and PHMB on biofilms grown on porcine skin explants were evaluated by colony-forming unit (CFU) counting and confocal microscopy.

Malassezia spp. and Candida spp. from patients with psoriasis exhibit reduced susceptibility to antifungals.

Introduction: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects over 125 million people worldwide. Many studies have shown the importance of the microbiome for psoriasis exacerbation.

Aim: Explore the fungal load and species composition of cultivable yeasts on the skin of psoriatic patients (PP) and healthy volunteers living in a tropical area and evaluate the susceptibility to antifungals.

The Potential of Phenothiazines against Endodontic Pathogens: A Focus on Dual-Species Biofilm.

Persistent apical periodontitis occurs when the endodontic treatment fails to eradicate the intraradicular infection, and is mainly caused by Gram-positive bacteria and yeasts, such as and , respectively. Phenothiazines have been described as potential antimicrobials against bacteria and fungi. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial potential of promethazine (PMZ) and chlorpromazine (CPZ) against and dual-species biofilms.

and dual-species biofilm: establishment of an protocol and characterization.

is the most important agent of persistent apical periodontitis, and recently, has also been implicated in periapical infections. This study aimed to optimize an and dual-species biofilm protocol for endodontic research. Different physicochemical conditions for biofilm formation were tested.

Inhibitory effect of proteinase K against dermatophyte biofilms: an alternative for increasing the antifungal effects of terbinafine and griseofulvin.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of proteinase K on mature biofilms of dermatophytes, by assays of metabolic activity and biomass. In addition, the proteinase K-terbinafine and proteinase K-griseofulvin interactions against these biofilms were investigated by the checkerboard assay and scanning electron and confocal microscopy. The biofilms exposed to 32 µg ml of proteinase K had lower metabolic activity and biomass, by 39% and 38%, respectively.

The herbicide paraquat alters growth and melanin production on the species complex.

Paraquat (1,10-dimethyl-4,4-bipyridinium dichloride; PQ) is a free-radical producing herbicide that affects cell membranes and can upset the environmental balance of microorganisms present in soil, such as spp. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro activity of PQ against spp. in planktonic and biofilm forms, as well as the protective effect of antioxidant agents against the antifungal effect of PQ and the kinetics of melanin production in response to PQ.

Collateral consequences of agricultural fungicides on pathogenic yeasts: A One Health perspective to tackle azole resistance.

Candida and Cryptococcus affect millions of people yearly, being responsible for a wide array of clinical presentations, including life-threatening diseases. Interestingly, most human pathogenic yeasts are not restricted to the clinical setting, as they are also ubiquitous in the environment. Recent studies raise concern regarding the potential impact of agricultural use of azoles on resistance to medical antifungals in yeasts, as previously outlined with Aspergillus fumigatus.

One Health Implications of Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria from Amazon River Dolphins.

Studies on the microbiota of freshwater cetaceans are scarce and may provide important data on animal and environmental health. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram-negative bacteria recovered from two populations of free-ranging Amazon river dolphins (Inia geoffrensis). Twenty-one animals were captured and released, 13 from Negro River and 8 from Tapajós River, Brazil.

Anthraquinones from spp. inhibit : effects against growing and mature biofilms.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of aloe emodin, barbaloin and chrysophanol on growing and mature biofilms of . The compounds were added at the moment of inducing biofilm growth or after growth for 72 h to evaluate their effects on growing and mature biofilms, respectively. Then, biofilm biomass was evaluated by crystal violet staining and metabolic activity by the XTT reduction assay.

and Biofilms Produce Antifungal-Tolerant Persister Cells.

Persister cells are metabolically inactive dormant cells that lie within microbial biofilms. They are phenotypic variants highly tolerant to antimicrobials and, therefore, associated with recalcitrant infections. In the present study, we investigated if and are able to produce persister cells.

Azole-Resilient Biofilms and Non-wild Type C. albicans Among Candida Species Isolated from Agricultural Soils Cultivated with Azole Fungicides: an Environmental Issue?

This study aimed to identify Candida spp. from agricultural soils cultivated with azole fungicides and investigate their susceptibility to clinical (fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin B) and agricultural (tetraconazole and tebuconazole) antifungals in planktonic form. Additionally, Candida biofilm-forming ability and biofilm susceptibility to agricultural antifungals and voriconazole were analyzed.