Vascular age calculation and equivalent risk factors in HIV-infected patients obtained from the D:A:D risk equation.

Background: Vascular age is a concept that represents the hypothetical age of the cardiovascular system and might be an alternative way of expressing the cardiovascular risk of a patient. The Data Collection on Adverse Effects of Anti-HIV Drugs Study (D:A:D) developed a cardiovascular risk equation from a population of HIV-infected patients, incorporating exposure to individual antiretroviral therapy drugs and traditional classic cardiovascular risk factors.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the vascular age calculated from the D:A:D equation, for HIV infected patients.

[Cardiovascular disease and systemic inflammatory diseases].

More than a century of research has shown that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory process more than an infiltrative or thrombogenic process. It has been demonstrated epidemiologically and by imaging techniques, that systemic inflammatory diseases (in particular, but not exclusively, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus) increase the atherosclerotic process, and has a demonstrated pathophysiological basis. Furthermore, treatments to control inflammatory diseases can modify the course of the atherosclerotic process.

[Vascular risk in endocrine diseases other than diabetes].

Endocrinological diseases directly affect the cardiovascular system. The deleterious effects on cardiovascular function can be direct, and linked to the increase or reduction of circulating hormones. Equally, the adverse effects may be indirect; for example following the rise in blood pressure, increase or redistribution of lean mass, or increased plasma lipoproteins.

Unanswered clinical questions in the management of cardiometabolic risk in the elderly: a statement of the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine.

Background: Despite the progressive increase in life expectancy and the relationship between aging with multi-morbidities and the increased use of healthcare resources, current clinical practice guidelines (CPG) on cardiometabolic risk cannot be adequately applied to elderly subjects with multiple chronic conditions. Its management frequently becomes complicated by both, an excessive use of medications that may lead to overtreatment, drug interactions and increased toxicity, and errors in dosage and non-compliance. Concerned by this gap, the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine created a group of independent experts on cardiometabolic risk who discussed what they considered to be unanswered questions in the management of elderly patients.

[Ischaemic heart disease].

In the year 2011, cardiovascular diseases were responsible of 31.2% of total deaths in Spain. The absolute number of cases of acute coronary syndrome in this year will be approximately 115,752 cases (95%CI: 114,822-116,687).

Metabolic syndrome and vascular risk estimation in a Mediterranean non-diabetic population without cardiovascular disease.

Aims: Vascular risk equations are tools used to help prevent cardiovascular events. Our aim was to compare the REGICOR and SCORE equations in a general population and in persons with the metabolic syndrome (MS) according to the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation.

Methods And Results: We calculated the cardiovascular risk with both equations in a random sample of 838 non-diabetic persons aged 40-65years without a history of cardiovascular disease, of whom 251 had the MS.

How to calculate vascular age with the SCORE project scales: a new method of cardiovascular risk evaluation.

Aims: In 2008, a new cardiovascular risk table from the Framingham Heart Study was published, which incorporated the new concept 'vascular age'. The aim of the present study was to determine the vascular age calculated from the two SCORE project scales and to determine the degree of agreement in vascular age between the two scales.

Methods And Results: Vascular age was calculated according to its definition, but using the SCORE scale equations (for low- and high-risk countries) instead of the Framingham equations.

[Cardiovascular risk percentiles avoid overestimation or underestimation of risk calculated by the SCORE risk function].

Background: Cardiovascular risk evaluation is of the utmost importance for treatment of patients with cardiovascular risk factors. There are various scales or equations and they can be adapted to a particular population to try to avoid over or under estimation of risk. We propose risk percentiles as a new method of adapting risk scoring systems to our population.

[Risk percentiles: a new adapted method for evaluating vascular risk. ERVPA study].

Background And Objective: Various cardiovascular scoring systems estimating the risk in the Spanish population are currently used. The aim of our study was to create graphs and charts of populational percentiles to assess the total burden of risk of a population and to place each subject individually in the context of their own population setting by using cardiovascular risk charts.

Subjects And Method: A cross-sectional study of 514 individuals of both sexes from a general population setting was carried out.