A Combination of Positive Tumor HLA-I and Negative PD-L1 Expression Provides an Immune Rejection Mechanism in Bladder Cancer.

Background: Tumor human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) expression plays an important role in T cell-mediated tumor rejection. Loss of HLA-I is associated with cancer progression and resistance to immunotherapy, including antibodies blocking programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) signaling. Our objective was to analyze a correlation between HLA-I, tumor immune infiltration, and PD-L1/PD-1 axis in bladder cancer in association with the clinicopathologic features of patients.

[New therapeutic schedules of Sunitinib: Current evidence regarding the 2:1 scheme.].

Introduction: In 2006, sunitinib approval by the FDA was a real revolution for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). However, considerable rates of dose reductions and therapeutic suppressions with the standard regimen (4:2) have forced the search for new schedule proposals in order to optimize the balance between side effects and oncologic efficacy. Among these new proposals, the 2:1 scheme is the one that has generated more expectations.

[Evolution of urinary lithiasis composition in a Spanish health care area over the last four decades].

Objective: To provide an updated epidemiological description of urinary lithiasis in a health area in the Western hemisphere over the past four decades.

Methods: 2704 urinary lithiases analysed in our institution between 1980 and 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. They were analyzed using polarized light microscopy, and in the case this method had questionable results we used X-ray diffraction.

[Cold ischemia and renal graft survival: A paired analysis comparing first and second grafts from the same donor].

Objective: To compare the characteristics, clinical course, and survival of pairs of renal grafts from the same donor, with special interest in cold ischemia times (CIT) as a risk factor for graft survival.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed paired grafts originating from the same cadaver donor from our prospectively recorded database of kidney transplants, from 1987 to 2015. We selected and divided them into two groups depending on whether they corresponded to the first or second graft.

Frequent HLA class I alterations in human prostate cancer: molecular mechanisms and clinical relevance.

Reduced expression of HLA class I is an important immune escape mechanism from cytotoxic T cells described in various types of malignancy. It often correlates with poor prognosis and resistance to therapy. However, current knowledge about the frequency, underlying molecular mechanisms, and prognostic value of HLA class I and II alterations in prostate cancer (PC) is limited.

Right renal vein extension with cryopreserved external iliac artery allografts in living-donor kidney transplantations.

Introduction: A short right renal vein remains a challenge for renal transplant surgery, especially in the living donor. Our objective was to report on a new technique to solve this problem.

Technical Considerations: We describe our experience with the use of cryopreserved iliac artery grafts for right renal vein extension.

Nephron-sparing surgery for adenocarcinoma in a renal allograft.

The incidence of malignant tumors in recipients of renal allografts is higher than in the general population. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 4.6% of the tumors in transplanted patients; of them, only 10% are found in transplanted kidneys.

Gouty tophi in the penis: a case report and review of the literature.

Gout is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperuricemia and the deposition of monosodium urate crystals in different anatomical locations. We report the case of a 61-year-old man who received consultation for gouty tophi in the penis, which is an unusual location for this type of pathology, that was resolved with the surgical removal of the tophi. We provide a review on gout and its treatment as well as other locations where atypical gouty tophi have been described.

Conservative management of unusual keratinising squamous metaplasia of the bladder in a 28-year-old female and overview of the literature.

Keratinizing squamous metaplasia of the bladder is rare and is usually associated with urinary tract infections and chronic irritation. It is considered a precancerous condition of squamous cell carcinoma, especially when more than 50% of the bladder surface is affected. Medical treatment cannot eradicate this lesion.