Determinants of coronary vascular calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease: a systematic review.

Background: Vascular calcification (VC) is a recognized process involved in senescence and atherosclerosis. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are conditions associated with metabolic disorders related to soft tissue calcification.

Methods: We performed a systematic review of the literature confined to patients with CKD or ESRD with clinical observations of VC.