History of WOFAPS (1963-2019).

The formation of the World Federation of Associations of Pediatric Surgery (WOFAPS) was an important unifying force in the emergence of pediatric surgery as a distinct specialty. Beginning with the formation of several national societies in the early '60s, an early, multinational effort was created. This was in large part fostered by the International Pediatric Association (IPA), which lent logistical support from the medical pediatric community to the pediatric surgeons.

Fecal continence revisited: the anal external sphincter continence reflex.

Background: None of the current theories on fecal incontinence can explain fecal continence adequately.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the mechanism controlling fecal continence.

Design: Anal electrosensitivity, anorectal pressures, and rectal pressure volumetry tests were performed in 17 controls before and after superficial local anal anesthesia and in 6 controls before and after spinal anesthesia.