Multimorbidity Patterns and Their Association with Social Determinants, Mental and Physical Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background: The challenge posed by multimorbidity makes it necessary to look at new forms of prevention, a fact that has become heightened in the context of the pandemic. We designed a questionnaire to detect multimorbidity patterns in people over 50 and to associate these patterns with mental and physical health, COVID-19, and possible social inequalities.

Methods: This was an observational study conducted through a telephone interview.

Social inequalities in multimorbidity patterns in Europe: A multilevel latent class analysis using the European Social Survey (ESS).

Multimorbidity is associated with lower quality of life, greater disability and higher use of health services and is one of the main challenges facing governments in Europe. There is a need to identify and characterize patterns of chronic conditions and analyse their association with social determinants not only from an individual point of view but also from a collective point of view. This paper aims to respond to this knowledge gap by detecting patterns of chronic conditions and their social determinants in 19 European countries from a multilevel perspective We used data from the ESS round 7.

The Classification of Causes of Historical Mortality (CCHM): A proposal of the study of death records.

Objective: To compare and contrast the Classification of Causes of Historical Mortality (CCHM) with the International Classification of Diseases 4th Revision (ICD-4) as methodological elements that can be implemented in historical mortality studies.

Materials And Methods: We conducted a longitudinal descriptive study of the causes of death in two different localities in Spain, namely, Cadiz and Vejer de la Frontera (1900-1950), to compare the International Classification of Diseases 4th Revision (ICD-4) and the Classification of Causes of Historical Mortality (CCHM). This study proposes the CCHM and its use in statistical analyses of mortality, especially from the mid-19th century to the second half of 20th century.

Factors associated with the evolution of attitudes towards mental illness in a cohort of nursing students.

WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: People with mental health difficulties have poorer physical health than the general population. The stigmatizing attitude of health professionals impacts the quality of care for these people. There is a broad background on the effectiveness of activities based on theoretical training, clinical practices or social contact to improve nursing students' attitudes towards people with mental health difficulties.

Spanish students' use of the Internet for mental health information and support seeking.

The Internet is a growing source of information for health in general, with university student being online almost daily. Evaluating their use of the Internet for mental health information and support can help understanding if online tools and websites should be used for mental health promotion and, to some extent, care. A survey was conducted with more than 600 students of Law, Nursing and Computer Science of the University of Cadiz in Spain to determine their general use of the Internet and their perceptions and trust in using this medium for mental health information.

Perspectives: the mental health care gap in intellectual disabilities in Spain: impact analysis and knowledge-to-action plan.

Background: Intellectual developmental disorder or Intellectual disability (ID) is a prevalent condition with a high impact along the life-span particularly when associated to other mental disorders (MD).

Specific Aim: To estimate the unmet needs and to design a knowledge to action plan to reduce the care gap in ID-MD in Spain.

Method: We followed a 5-step `maxi' impact assessment and a mixed qualitative/quantitative design including expert panels, secondary analysis of databases and a prospective survey in the 17 regions in Spain.

[Study of a population-wide epidemic outbreak of mumps virus G1 in Jerez de la Frontera (Spain)].

Objectives: To characterize the mumps outbreak, assess the effectiveness of vaccines and discuss prevention and control measures.

Design: Observational cross-sectional study of cases by person, place, and time.

Location: City Jerez de la Frontera and 8 Primary Care centres.

Development and spatial representation of synthetic indexes of outpatient mental health care in Andalusia (Spain).

Introduction: There is a need to develop composite indicators to monitor mental health care in countries such as Spain, where there is wide variability of care systems in 17 different regions. The aim of this study is to generate and to test the usability of synthetic indexes in Andalusia (Southern Spain).

Method: Seven mental health indicators were selected by expert opinion from a previous list of simple indicators used to compare mental health care systems across Spain (Psicost-74).

A comparison of standard inhalers for asthma with and without alcohol as the propellant on the measurement of alcohol in breath.

Because most bronchodilator inhalers contain propellant gases or a small amount of ethanol as a co-solvent, the potential for these products to generate false readings on a evidential breath alcohol instrument was evaluated in 69 volunteers with clinically stable asthma. All subjects underwent a breath test on an infrared breath alcohol analyzer (Alcotest 7110, Dräger, Lübeck, Germany) before the use of the asthma inhaler and 1 and 5 min after inhalation. The effects of antiasthmatic medications delivered by metered dose inhalers (MDIs) with alcohol as a vehicle, alcohol-free MDIs, and dry powder inhalers were assessed in homogeneous groups of four to five patients.

[Patient autonomy and information and clinical documentation-related rights within the context of Spanish Law 41/2002].

Law 41/2002 Regulating Patient Autonomy and Health Documentation and Information-Related Rights and Obligations regulates matters which the General Health Law of 1986 had fallen short in its attempt to regulate, such as the right to health information, informed consent, health documentation, clinical records and other clinical information. This Law likewise classifies the ways in which capabilities may be limited and attributes physicians with authority over the evaluation thereof. In keeping with the Oviedo Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, this study includes the guiding principles of the new bioethics, such as an individual's right to privacy of the health-related information, living wills (or advance medical directives), the patient's right to antonomy and to take part in the decision-making process, the refusal of treatment or teenagers being of legal age for health-related decision-making purposes.

[Construction of hospital management indices using principal component analysis].

Objective: To construct useful indices for hospital management, based on descriptive multivariate techniques.

Material And Methods: Data were collected during 1999 and 2000, on hospital admissions occurring during 1997-1998 at Hospital General de Algeciras, part of Servicio Andaluz de Salud (SAS) of Sistema Nacional de Salud Español (Spanish National Health Service). The following variables routinely monitored by health authorities were analyzed: number of admissions, mortality, number of re-admissions, number of outpatient consultations, case-mix index, number of stays, and functional index.

[Influence of asthma inhalers on a breath alcohol test].

Background: People and authorities are worried about interferences in breath alcohol measurements. The influence of different inhalers on breath alcohol tests is analysed in this paper.

Patients And Method: We included 60 patients treated with different inhalers.