The rs11684747 and rs55790676 SNPs of ADAM17 influence tuberculosis susceptibility and plasma levels of TNF, TNFR1, and TNFR2.

Introduction: The proteolytic activity of A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) regulates the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and TNF receptors (TNFRs) from cell surfaces. These molecules play important roles in tuberculosis (TB) shaping innate immune reactions and granuloma formation.

Methods: Here, we investigated whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of ADAM17 influence TNF and TNFRs levels in 224 patients with active TB (ATB) and 118 healthy close contacts.

Microbiome in the nasopharynx: Insights into the impact of COVID-19 severity.

Background: The respiratory tract harbors a variety of microbiota, whose composition and abundance depend on specific site factors, interaction with external factors, and disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between COVID-19 severity and the nasopharyngeal microbiome.

Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study in Mexico City, collecting nasopharyngeal swabs from 30 COVID-19 patients and 14 healthy volunteers.

The role of TNF receptors as mediators of chronic vasculitis in possible milder forms of the CNS tuberculosis.

Introduction: Central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis (TB) is the most severe form of TB due to its high mortality and functional sequelae. There are several differential diagnoses for TB; and, it can also cause secondary conditions, such as vasculitis.

Methodology: 155 biopsies, corresponding to 155 different patients out of 5,386 registered biopsies from 2008-2013, met the criteria of unknown etiology vasculitis and evidence of cerebral vascular disease.

Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients With Cervical Spine Degeneration Reveal Frequent Cervicolumbar Tandem Spinal Stenosis in Mexico.

Background: Limited literature exists regarding the differences in demographics, causes, comorbidities, presentation, and structural changes associated with cervical spine degeneration in patients from distinct geographic regions. The authors aimed to evaluate the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with cervical spine degeneration admitted to a single center in Mexico.

Methods: This study enrolled patients with degenerative disease of the cervical spine.

Antigen-specific B cells direct T follicular-like helper cells into lymphoid follicles to mediate Mycobacterium tuberculosis control.

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a global cause of death. Granuloma-associated lymphoid tissue (GrALT) correlates with protection during TB, but the mechanisms of protection are not understood. During TB, the transcription factor IRF4 in T cells but not B cells is required for the generation of the T1 and T17 subsets of helper T cells and follicular helper T (T)-like cellular responses.

CD4+ T Cell Regulatory Network Underlies the Decrease in Th1 and the Increase in Anergic and Th17 Subsets in Severe COVID-19.

In this model we use a dynamic and multistable Boolean regulatory network to provide a mechanistic explanation of the lymphopenia and dysregulation of CD4+ T cell subsets in COVID-19 and provide therapeutic targets. Using a previous model, the cytokine micro-environments found in mild, moderate, and severe COVID-19 with and without TGF-β and IL-10 was we simulated. It shows that as the severity of the disease increases, the number of antiviral Th1 cells decreases, while the the number of Th1-like regulatory and exhausted cells and the proportion between Th1 and Th1R cells increases.

Cell Wall Antigens Induce the Formation of Immune Complexes and the Development of Vasculitis in an Experimental Murine Model.

Tuberculosis (TB) of the central nervous system (CNS) presents high mortality due to brain damage and inflammation events. The formation and deposition of immune complexes (ICs) in the brain microvasculature during (Mtb) infection are crucial for its pathobiology. The relevance of ICs to Mtb antigens in the pathogenesis of CNS-TB has been poorly explored.

Resection of a rare giant chondromesenchymal hamartoma of the scalp with intracranial blood supply in an adult woman: illustrative case.

Background: Nasal chondromesenchymal hamartomas (NCMHs) are benign, slow-growing lesions formed by mesenchymal and cartilaginous components. They occur predominantly in male infants at the nasopharynx and orbit. Rare cases have been reported in adults.

Dendritic cells drive profibrotic inflammation and aberrant T cell polarization in systemic sclerosis.

Objectives: SSc is a devastating autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis and obliterative vasculopathy affecting the skin and visceral organs. While the processes mediating excessive extracellular matrix deposition and fibroblast proliferation are clear, the exact link between autoimmunity and fibrosis remains elusive. Th17 cells have been proposed as critical drivers of profibrotic inflammation during SSc, but little is known about the immune components supporting their pathogenic role.

Nerve preservation during partial sacrectomy by two-stage anterior and posterior approach: illustrative case.

Background: Preserving the neurological function of sacral nerves during total or partial sacrectomy is challenging.

Observations: The authors describe a case of an osseous desmoplastic fibroma of the sacrum in a 51-year-old woman. The patient attended the authors' institution with loss of muscle strength and sensitivity impairment in both legs, gait instability, bowel constipation, urinary incontinence, and weight loss.

Infection Induces BCSFB Disruption but No BBB Disruption In Vivo: Implications in the Pathophysiology of Tuberculous Meningitis.

Central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis is the most lethal and devastating form among the diseases caused by . The mechanisms by which bacilli enter the CNS are still unclear. However, the BBB and the BCSFB have been proposed as possible routes of access into the brain.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection drives a type I IFN signature in lung lymphocytes.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infects 25% of the world's population and causes tuberculosis (TB), which is a leading cause of death globally. A clear understanding of the dynamics of immune response at the cellular level is crucial to design better strategies to control TB. We use the single-cell RNA sequencing approach on lung lymphocytes derived from healthy and Mtb-infected mice.

Comparing the Cytokine Storms of COVID-19 and Pandemic Influenza.

Emerging respiratory viruses are major health threats due to their potential to cause massive outbreaks. Over the past 2 years, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused millions of cases of severe infection and deaths worldwide. Although natural and vaccine-induced protective immune mechanisms against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been increasingly identified, the factors that determine morbimortality are less clear.

Possible Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases and TGF-β in COVID-19 Severity and Sequelae.

The costs of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are devastating. With millions of deaths worldwide, specific serological biomarkers, antiviral agents, and novel therapies are urgently required to reduce the disease burden. For these purposes, a profound understanding of the pathobiology of COVID-19 is mandatory.

Atypical Association of Autoimmune Limbic Encephalitis with Anti-NMDA Receptor Antibodies in a Young Male Patient: Clinical, Imaging, and Neuropsychological Characteristics.

The spectrum of autoimmune encephalitis (AE) encompasses several entities characterized by a variable frequency of psychiatric symptoms, cognitive dysfunction, focal deficits, and seizures. Although patients with AE can be categorized in specific syndromes, overlapping manifestations are also common. Furthermore, atypical correlations between clinical phenotypes and autoantibody profiles could occur in rare cases.

CXCL17 Is Dispensable during Hypervirulent HN878 Infection in Mice.

CXCL17 is a novel mucosal chemokine that mediates myeloid cell recruitment and bactericidal activity and highly expressed in the respiratory tract. However, its role in tuberculosis (TB) immunopathogenesis or protection remains unknown. In this study, we evaluated the function of CXCL17 in a mouse model of aerosol infection with the clinical W-Beijing lineage hypervirulent HN878 strain.

Clinical Risk Factors for Mortality Among Critically Ill Mexican Patients With COVID-19.

Little literature exists about critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from Latin America. Here, we aimed to describe the clinical characteristics and mortality risk factors in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients from Mexico. For this purpose, we recruited 67 consecutive mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients which were grouped according to their clinical outcome (survival vs.

Comprehensive Immunologic Evaluation of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Samples from Human Patients with Moderate and Severe Seasonal Influenza and Severe COVID-19.

Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) or seasonal influenza may lead to respiratory failure requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation. The pathophysiology of this respiratory failure is attributed to local immune dysregulation, but how the immune response to viral infection in the lower airways of the human lung differs between individuals with respiratory failure and those without is not well understood. We used quantitative multiparameter flow cytometry and multiplex cytokine assays to evaluate matched blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from control human subjects, subjects with symptomatic seasonal influenza who did not have respiratory failure, and subjects with severe seasonal influenza or SARS-CoV-2 infection with respiratory failure.

Corrigendum: CXCL17 Is a Specific Diagnostic Biomarker for Severe Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) That Predicts Poor Clinical Outcome.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.

Phenotype of Peripheral NK Cells in Latent, Active, and Meningeal Tuberculosis.

The mechanisms underlying the immunopathology of tuberculous meningitis (TBM), the most severe clinical form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB), are not understood. It is currently believed that the spread of (Mtb) from the lung is an early event that occurs before the establishment of adaptive immunity. Hence, several innate immune mechanisms may participate in the containment of Mtb infection and prevent extrapulmonary disease manifestations.