Deep-learning power and perspectives for genomic selection.

Deep learning (DL) is revolutionizing the development of artificial intelligence systems. For example, before 2015, humans were better than artificial machines at classifying images and solving many problems of computer vision (related to object localization and detection using images), but nowadays, artificial machines have surpassed the ability of humans in this specific task. This is just one example of how the application of these models has surpassed human abilities and the performance of other machine-learning algorithms.

A review of deep learning applications for genomic selection.

Background: Several conventional genomic Bayesian (or no Bayesian) prediction methods have been proposed including the standard additive genetic effect model for which the variance components are estimated with mixed model equations. In recent years, deep learning (DL) methods have been considered in the context of genomic prediction. The DL methods are nonparametric models providing flexibility to adapt to complicated associations between data and output with the ability to adapt to very complex patterns.