Oral health and healthy chewing for healthy cognitive ageing: A comprehensive narrative review.

Introduction: Ageing leads to physiological cognitive decline that it is worsened in people with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Despite the ongoing search for a solution to this cognitive decline, no effective remedies have been established. It has been determined that modifiable external factors, such as oral health and occlusal function, prevent cognitive decline.

Association between low bone mineral density and periodontitis in generally healthy perimenopausal women.

Background: The association between low bone mineral density (BMD) and periodontitis in perimenopausal women is controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine whether osteoporosis or osteopenia is associated with periodontal disease in a population of adult women.

Methods: A sample of over-45-year-old women with or without low BMD underwent lumbar spine and hip bone densitometry and a complete periodontal examination.

Malignant transformation risk of oral lichen planus: A systematic review and comprehensive meta-analysis.

Objectives: To evaluate current evidence on the malignant transformation of oral lichen planus (OLP), oral lichenoid lesions (OLLs), and oral lichenoid reactions (LRs) and to determine the variables with greatest influence on cancer development.

Material And Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus for studies published before November 2018. We evaluated the quality of studies (QUIPS tool).

Predictive value of CCND1/cyclin D1 alterations in the malignant transformation of potentially malignant head and neck disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: To evaluate published evidence on the predictive value of CCND1 amplification/cyclin D1 overexpression as malignant transformation risk markers in potentially malignant disorders (PMDs) of the head and neck.

Material And Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus for studies published before June 2018. We conducted a meta-analysis to quantify the impact of CCND1/cyclin D1 amplification/overexpression on malignant transformation of head and neck PMDs.

The influence of habitual consumption of chewing gums in the outcome of masticatory performance tests using two-coloured chewing gums.

The aim of this study is to assess the influence of regular consumption of chewing-gums on the Masticatory Performance (MP); and to determine if increasing the consumption improves the MP of non-regular consumers. We recorded the chewing-gums consumption rate (CGC) and measured the MP of 265 participants (µ = 47.09, σ = 22.

An update of knowledge on PD-L1 in head and neck cancers: Physiologic, prognostic and therapeutic perspectives.

Programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a transmembrane protein that acts as a co-inhibitory factor in the immune response. Its receptor, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), is found on immune cells, where binding to PD-L1 can reduce the proliferation of PD-1-positive cells, inhibit their cytokine secretion and induce apoptosis. PD-L1 in immune-privileged tissue plays a crucial role in peripheral tolerance.

Clinicopathological significance of tumor cyclin D1 expression in oral cancer.

Objective: To evaluate the association of cyclin D1 overexpression with clinicopathological parameters classically considered of prognostic value in OSCC (T, N, M, clinical stage, degree of differentiation, invasive morphology and, cellular proliferation index).

Design: A retrospective immunohistochemical study was conducted of cyclin D1 and ki-67 expression in 68 OSCCs from 54 patients. Cases were scanned using a digital pathology system.

Prognostic and clinicopathological significance of CTTN/cortactin alterations in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: To evaluate the prognostic significance of CTTN/cortactin alterations in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Material And Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus for studies published before May 2018. We conducted a meta-analysis to quantify the impact of CTTN/cortactin alterations on clinicopathological and survival variables.

Asymmetrical proliferative pattern loss linked to cyclin D1 overexpression in adjacent non-tumour epithelium in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Objective: To evaluate cyclin D1 overexpression in oral squamous cell carcinomas and adjacent non-tumour epithelium as a biomarker of premalignant fields and a risk factor for multiple tumour development.

Design: We studied cyclin D1 expression in 54 patients with 68 oral squamous cell carcinomas plus adjacent non-tumour epithelia characterized as close (n = 58) or distant (n = 41) from the invasion point. Randomized 40x fields were evaluated (4 in tumour tissue and 1 each in close and distant non-tumour epithelium).

Prognostic and clinicopathological significance of cyclin D1 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objectives: To evaluate the prognostic significance of cyclin D1 (CD1) overexpression in OSCC.

Material And Methods: We searched studies published before August 2017 (Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus). We evaluated the quality of the studies included (Quality in Prognosis Studies [QUIPS] tool).

An update of knowledge on cortactin as a metastatic driver and potential therapeutic target in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Cortactin is a protein encoded by the CTTN gene, localized on chromosome band 11q13. As a result of the amplification of this band, an important event in oral carcinogenesis, CTTN is also usually amplified, promoting the frequent overexpression of cortactin. Cortactin enhances cell migration in oral cancer, playing a key role in the regulation of filamentous actin and of protrusive structures (invadopodia and lamellipodia) on the cell membrane that are necessary for the acquisition of a migratory phenotype.

A novel expert system for objective masticatory efficiency assessment.

Most of the tools and diagnosis models of Masticatory Efficiency (ME) are not well documented or severely limited to simple image processing approaches. This study presents a novel expert system for ME assessment based on automatic recognition of mixture patterns of masticated two-coloured chewing gums using a combination of computational intelligence and image processing techniques. The hypotheses tested were that the proposed system could accurately relate specimens to the number of chewing cycles, and that it could identify differences between the mixture patterns of edentulous individuals prior and after complete denture treatment.

Relevance of chromosomal band 11q13 in oral carcinogenesis: An update of current knowledge.

An important event in oral carcinogenesis is the amplification of chromosomal band 11q13, in which numerous oncogenes and some tumor-suppressor genes are localized and frequently co-amplified during the malignant transformation of oral epithelium. The objectives of this study were to review published data on the involvement of 11q13 amplification in oral cancer, to provide an update on novel concepts and terminology related to gene amplification, and to explore the composition of the 11q13 amplicon in OSCC, including its most relevant amplicon cores and potential drivers. We report on the critical oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes in 11q13 that may play a major role in oral cancer, focusing on their functions, on the characteristics acquired by their amplification, and on their clinicopathological implications.

Association Between Periodontitis and Amyloid β Peptide in Elderly People With and Without Cognitive Impairment.

Background: Evidence that periodontal disease is a possible risk factor for cognitive impairment may be explained by the inflammatory hypothesis. The aim of this study is to determine whether periodontitis is related to the amyloid β (Aβ) load in blood and the role of any such relationship in the association between Aβ and cognitive impairment.

Methods: A case-control study was performed in elderly people diagnosed with cognitive impairment with or without dementia (cases group) and cognitively healthy elderly people (control group); data were collected on the medical and dental history of participants, and blood samples were drawn to determine Aβ levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Oral Hygiene in the Elderly with Different Degrees of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia.

The control of bacterial dental plaque through daily oral hygiene is essential to prevent oral diseases such as caries or periodontal disease, especially in at-risk populations, including the elderly with mild cognitive impairment and dementia. The aim of this study was to determine the association between different levels of cognitive impairment and dementia in an elderly population and their capacity to maintain adequate oral hygiene. A case-control study (elderly with versus without mild cognitive impairment or dementia) was performed in Granada, Spain.

Oral health in the elderly patient and its impact on general well-being: a nonsystematic review.

Data on the oral health of the elderly depict a worrying situation, with an elevated prevalence of caries and moderate periodontal disease, frequent edentulism, and numerous cases of dry mouth and oral cancer. There is wide evidence that periodontitis is a risk factor for certain systemic diseases, and impaired oral health has been associated with mastication and nutritional problems, especially among the elderly, with highly negative effects on their quality of life. In this nonsystematic review, the authors discuss the importance of evaluating the oral health of the geriatric population in a comprehensive manner, beyond simple clinical assessments.

Oral and general health-related quality of life in patients treated for oral cancer compared to control group.

Background: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is gaining importance as a valuable outcome measure in oral cancer area. The aim of this study was to assess the general and oral HRQoL of oral and oropharyngeal cancer patients 6 or more months after treatment and compare them with a population free from this disease.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with patients treated for oral cancer at least 6 months post-treatment and a gender and age group matched control group.

Is periodontitis a risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia? A case-control study.

Background: Dementia is a multi-etiologic syndrome characterized by multiple cognitive deficits but not always by the presence of cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment is associated with multiple non-modifiable risk factors but few modifiable factors. Epidemiologic studies have shown an association between periodontitis, a potentially modifiable risk factor, and cognitive impairment.

Epidemiological study of oral cancer patients in Alava province, Spain.

The authors conducted a retrospective study of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSSC) patients in the province of Alava, Spain, to investigate the various epidemiological factors involved. The study included data on 30 patients referred to the Otolaryngology Department of our hospital. The authors identified epidemiological data, including age, symptoms, localization, tumor size, risk factors, tumor stage, treatment and outcome.

Oral health in institutionalised elderly people in Oslo, Norway and its relationship with dependence and cognitive impairment.

Objective: Investigating oral health's relationship with dependency and cognitive state.

Background: Oral hygiene is poor in the institutionalised elderly. There are problems regarding the oral care of residents having poor mobility or cognitive impairment.

A role for the substance P/NK-1 receptor complex in cell proliferation in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Objective: To investigate the presence and distribution of substance P (SP) and neurokinin 1 receptor (NK-1R) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and their relationship with proliferation.

Patients And Methods: Ninety OSCCs from 73 patients were immunohistochemically analyzed using monoclonal antibodies against SP, NK-1R and Ki-67 in a case and control study.

Results: Seventy-one percent (n=49) of cases expressed SP on tumour cell membrane, 81.

Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of a mouthwash and oral gel containing the antimicrobial proteins lactoperoxidase, lysozyme and lactoferrin in elderly patients with dry mouth--a pilot study.

Objectives: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of a mouthwash and oral gel containing the antimicrobial proteins lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin and lysozyme, in a sample of elderly individuals with dry mouth.

Material And Methods: Twenty elderly institutionalised subjects with dry mouth and with a certain degree of independence for daily life activities were included in this pilot study. A randomised, double blind and cross-over design was used.

Oral health protocol for the dependent institutionalized elderly.

Establishing an oral hygiene protocol for the frail and functionally dependent elderly should be of special concern to health care providers. The previous assessment of a care center, including patients or residents and staff, allows an effective strategy to be designed. Oral health protocols are mainly based on the daily removal of bacterial plaque from teeth or prostheses (or both), cleaning of oral mucosa, and continual oral hydration.