Differences in the Ratios of General and Dental Specialists in Europe.

Background: The European Economic Area (EEA) is composed of member states with a multitude of different regions. This study aimed to analyse the ratios of general dentists and dental specialists to the total population and the proportion of dental specialists to general dentists in 24 European countries and to explore specific intranational differences within 2 countries: France and Germany.

Methods: Available official documents and webpages from the United Kingdom and 23 of the 30 countries comprising the EEA were analysed.

Stability of class II correction with the Austro Repositioner associated with multi-brackets fixed appliances in dolichofacial patients.

Background: The purposes of the present study were to evaluate the changes produced by the Austro Repositioner, and to assess the stability of Class II malocclusion treatment with the Austro Repositioner associated with fixed appliances and its capacity to control the vertical dimension in dolichofacial patients.

Methods: A group of patients with Class II malocclusion due to mandibular retrognathism and a dolichofacial growth pattern treated with the Austro Repositioner combined with fixed appliances were compared to a matched untreated control group of subjects with Class II malocclusion. Evaluations were made on the basis of lateral cephalograms taken at T1 (initial records), T2 (end of treatment), and T3 (1 year after treatment).

Is there a common pattern of dental specialties in the world? Orthodontics, the constant element.

Background: There is a lack of studies comparing the status of dental specialties worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the differences and similarities between the number and types of dental specialties in 31 countries, including every continent, in the world.

Materials And Methods: Available official documents and webpages from regulatory bodies, official colleges and councils, and dental institutions were collected from 31 countries and analyzed to obtain reliable data on dental specialties.

Association between Eruption Sequence of Posterior Teeth, Dental Crowding, Arch Dimensions, Incisor Inclination, and Skeletal Growth Pattern.

Background: We conducted research to investigate the effects of the eruption sequence of posterior teeth, arch dimensions, and incisor inclination on dental crowding.

Material And Methods: A cross-sectional analytic study was performed on 100 patients (54 boys and 46 girls; mean ages: 11.69 and 11.

European inequalities and similarities in officially recognized dental specialties.

Background: Although the European Economic Space usually acts in a united and organized way, several main differences are found regarding the type and number of dental specialties all around this group of member states. The aim of the study is to analyse the inequalities and similarities existing between 21 European countries, highlighting the number and types of recognized dental specialties.

Methods: Available official documents and webpages from 20 out of the 30 countries of which the European Economic Space is comprised plus the United Kingdom (UK), were analysed to obtain reliable data referred to dental specialties.

Stability of Class II Malocclusion Treatment with the Austro Repositioner Followed by Fixed Appliances in Brachyfacial Patients.

One of the goals of functional-appliance devices is to modify the vertical growth pattern, solving several kinds of malocclusion. This study aimed to evaluate Class II malocclusion treatment's stability with Austro Repositioner, followed by fixed appliances, and assess its capacity to modify vertical dimensions in brachyfacial patients. A test group of 30 patients (16 boys and 14 girls, mean 11.

Sexual dimorphism in the long-term stability (10 years) of skeletal Class III treatment.

Background: Class III malocclusion is associated with high sexual dimorphism, especially in individuals older than 13 years of age, with significant differences in growth between males and females during the pubertal and postpubertal stages, and in adulthood. The aim of this research was to examine differences between males and females in long-term stability (10 years) of treatment for skeletal Class III malocclusion.

Methods: Thirty patients (15 males and 15 females) with skeletal Class III malocclusion, who had been treated with rapid maxillary expansion (RME) combined with face mask protraction followed by fixed appliances, were selected sequentially.

Novel Sub-Clustering of Class III Skeletal Malocclusion Phenotypes in a Southern European Population Based on Proportional Measurements.

Current phenotypic characterizations of Class III malocclusion are influenced more by gender or ethnic origin than by raw linear skeletal measurements. The aim of the present research is to develop a Class III skeletal malocclusion sub-phenotype characterization based on proportional cranial measurements using principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Radiometric data from 212 adult subjects (115 women and 96 men) of southern European origin affected by Class III skeletal malocclusion were analyzed.

Relationship between vertical facial pattern and brain structure and shape.

Objectives: Dolichofacial (long-faced) and brachyfacial (short-faced) individuals show specific and well-differentiated craniofacial morphology. Here, we hypothesise that differences in the basicranial orientation and topology between dolicho- and brachyfacial subjects could be associated with differences in the supporting brain tissues.

Material And Methods: Brain volumes (total intracranial, grey matter, and white matter volume), cortical thickness, and the volumes and shapes of fifteen subcortical nuclei were assessed on the basis of magnetic resonance imaging in 185 subjects.

Subclustering in Skeletal Class III Phenotypes of Different Ethnic Origins: A Systematic Review.

Objective: We aimed to systematically review articles investigating the efficiency of the clustering of skeletal class III malocclusion phenotypic subtypes of different ethnic origins as a diagnostic tool.

Methods: The review protocol was structured in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement and registered in Prospero (CRD42016053865). A survey of articles published up to March 2018 investigating the identification of different subgroups of skeletal class III malocclusion via cluster analysis was performed using 11 electronic databases.

Short-term dentoskeletal changes following Class II treatment using a fixed functional appliance: the Austro Repositioner : A pilot study.

Objective: Purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of a fixed functional appliance, the Austro Repositioner, in dolicho- and brachyfacial skeletal Class II patients.

Material And Methods: In all, 20 dolicho- and 25 brachyfacial consecutive patients treated with the Austro Repositioner were compared with untreated controls (20 dolicho- and 20 brachyfacial patients) with the same initial dentoskeletal features. Lateral cephalograms were acquired before and 1.

Evidence of toothpick groove formation in Neandertal anterior and posterior teeth.

Objectives: During the microscopic examination of the Neandertal dentitions from El Sidrón (Spain) and Hortus (France), we found unusual fine parallel microstriations on the mesial and distal sides of all tooth types, near the cervix. As its appearance was similar to toothpick grooves described in other Homo species, it could correspond to early stages on its formation. To test this hypothesis we developed an experimental replication of a groove using grass stalks.

Spheno-Occipital Synchondrosis Fusion Correlates with Cervical Vertebrae Maturation.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the closure stage of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis and the maturational stage of the cervical vertebrae (CVM) in growing and young adult subjects using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). CBCT images with an extended field of view obtained from 315 participants (148 females and 167 males; mean age 15.6 ±7.

Maxillary Sinus Dimensions With Respect to the Posterior Superior Alveolar Artery Decrease With Tooth Loss.

Background: The posterior superior alveolar (PSA) artery is frequently encountered in the area where the lateral osteotomy is performed during direct sinus augmentation procedures.

Objective: To investigate the correlation between patient-dependent variables and measurements related to PSA using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) data.

Methods: Three hundred ninety-four CBCT scans were evaluated to assess the PSA artery diameter and distances to the sinus floor and to alveolar crest.

Predictors of Enrollment in Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs in Spain.

Purpose: Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is very effective for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disorders. The objective of this study was to analyze population factors associated with nonenrollment of cardiac patients in these programs.

Methods: Retrospective study of 756 patients referred to the cardiac rehabilitation program (CRP) of a tertiary referral hospital with a service area population of more than 640 000 from January 2009 to June 2012.

Association between changes in soft and hard tissue after early chin cup treatment.

Objective: To assess the soft tissue and to determine the potential association between changes in soft and hard tissue after early chin cup treatment in prognathic children.

Materials And Methods: A total of 42 children (21 boys, 21 girls) with skeletal Class III malocclusion due to mandibular prognathism were examined before (mean age, 8.5 ± 0.

Long-term stability of rapid maxillary expansion combined with chincup protraction followed by fixed appliances.

Objective: To analyze the long-term stability of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and protraction from chincup therapy in girls with Class III malocclusion.

Materials And Methods: Twenty-two girls (mean age  =  9.1 ± 0.

Morphological integration of mandible and cranium: orthodontic implications.

Objectives: This study aimed at clarifying the morphological interactions among the cranial base, face, and mandible, to improve the assessment and treatment of skeletal malocclusions involving the mandible.

Design: Untreated adult subjects (n=187) were grouped according to standard cephalometric criteria of vertical and sagittal relationships. Geometric morphometrics were used to test the null hypothesis that integration patterns between the mandible and its associated basicranial and upper midfacial counterparts would be similar among various vertical and sagittal facial patterns.

Calcitonin gingival crevicular fluid levels and pain discomfort during early orthodontic tooth movement in young patients.

Objectives: To investigate the previously unreported presence of calcitonin (CT) levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), its variations during initial orthodontic tooth movement in both tension and compression sites, and its possible association with the experienced dental pain.

Design: Fifteen children (mean age: 12.6 years) requiring orthodontic closure of the upper midline diastema were included.

Biochemical markers of bone metabolism in gingival crevicular fluid during early orthodontic tooth movement.

Objective: To evaluate the expression of an activator of nuclear factor-kappa (RANK), osteoprotegerin (OPG), osteopontin (OPN), and transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of teeth subjected to orthodontic forces.

Materials And Methods: A randomized, pilot clinical trial including 10 healthy volunteers was conducted using a split-mouth design. Orthodontic elastic separators were placed between the second premolar and first molar, with the contralateral quadrant serving as a control.

Longitudinal evaluation of sEMG of masticatory muscles and kinematics of mandible changes in children treated for unilateral cross-bite.

The aim of this study was to evaluate masticatory muscle activity and kinematics of mandible changes in children with unilateral posterior cross-bite (UPXB) after orthodontic treatment, and one year after retention. Twenty-five children with UPXB and functional mandibular shift were evaluated before treatment (mean age 12.5years), after treatment (mean age 14.

Chincup treatment modifies the mandibular shape in children with prognathism.

Introduction: Although chincups are the preferred treatment for growing children with mandibular prognathism, the mechanism by which chincups improve this condition remains unclear. The aim of this study was to use geometric morphometrics to evaluate changes in the shape of the mandible of prognathic children treated with a chincup.

Methods: Geometric morphometrics were used to evaluate the short-term mandibular shape changes in 50 prognathic children treated with chincups compared with 40 untreated matched controls.