Parent-reported problems in children with Cerebral Visual Impairment: Improving the discriminative ability from ADHD and dyslexia using screening inventories.

Daily problems of children with Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI) are often misinterpreted as symptoms of behavioural disorders or learning disabilities instead of higher order visual function (HOVF) deficits. It is difficult to differentiate between various paediatric clinical groups based on daily manifestations. We used two CVI inventories (V-CVI-I, HVFQI) and an ADHD questionnaire (AVL) to compare parent-reported visual and behavioural problems of children with CVI, ADHD, dyslexia and neurotypical children (Age 6-15, Verbal Intelligence > 70).

Eye tracking: empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline.

In this paper, we present a review of how the various aspects of any study using an eye tracker (such as the instrument, methodology, environment, participant, etc.) affect the quality of the recorded eye-tracking data and the obtained eye-movement and gaze measures. We take this review to represent the empirical foundation for reporting guidelines of any study involving an eye tracker.

Environmental Enrichment Improves Vestibular Oculomotor Learning in Mice.

We assessed the behavioral effects of environmental enrichment on contrast sensitivity, reflexive eye movements and on oculomotor learning in mice that were housed in an enriched environment for a period of 3 weeks. Research has shown that a larger cage and a more complex environment have positive effects on the welfare of laboratory mice and other animals held in captivity. It has also been shown that environmental enrichment affects various behavior and neuroanatomical and molecular characteristics.

Trajectories of Cognitive and Motor Function Between Ages 45 and 90 Years: A Population-Based Study.

Background: To establish trajectories of cognitive and motor function, and to determine the sequence of change across individual tests in community-dwelling individuals aged 45-90 years.

Method: Between 1997 and 2016, we repeatedly assessed cognitive function with 5 tests in 9514 participants aged 45-90 years from the population-based Rotterdam Study. Between 1999 and 2016, we measured motor function with 3 tests in 8297 participants.

Unraveling the Association Between Gait and Mortality-One Step at a Time.

Background: Slowness of walking is one of the very first signs of aging and is considered a marker for overall health that is strongly associated with mortality risk. In this study, we sought to disentangle the clinical drivers of the association between gait and mortality.

Methods: We included 4,490 participants of the Rotterdam Study who underwent a gait assessment between 2009 and 2015 and were followed-up for mortality until 2018.

Developmental changes in visual search are determined by changing visuospatial abilities and task repetition: A longitudinal study in adolescents.

Using a longitudinal study design, a group of 94 adolescents participated in a visual search task and a visuospatial ability task yearly for four consecutive years. We analyzed the association between changes in visuospatial ability and changes in visual search performance and behavior and estimated additional effects of age and task repetition. Visuospatial ability was measured with the Design Organization Test (DOT).

Individual Differences in Motor Noise and Adaptation Rate Are Optimally Related.

Individual variations in motor adaptation rate were recently shown to correlate with movement variability or "motor noise" in a forcefield adaptation task. However, this finding could not be replicated in a meta-analysis of adaptation experiments. Possibly, this inconsistency stems from noise being composed of distinct components that relate to adaptation rate in different ways.

Visual search accelerates during adolescence.

We studied changes in visual-search performance and behavior during adolescence. Search performance was analyzed in terms of reaction time and response accuracy. Search behavior was analyzed in terms of the objects fixated and the duration of these fixations.

Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation interacts with BDNF Val66Met in motor learning.

Background: Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation has been reported to enhance motor associative learning and motor adaptation, holding promise for clinical application in patients with movement disorders. However, behavioral benefits from cerebellar tDCS have been inconsistent.

Objective: Identifying determinants of treatment success is necessary.

Kidney function, gait pattern and fall in the general population: a cohort study.

Background: Gait disturbance is proposed as a mechanism for higher risk of fall in kidney disease patients. We investigated the association of kidney function with gait pattern in the general population and tested whether the association between impaired kidney function and fall is more pronounced in subjects with lower gait function.

Methods: We included 1430 participants (mean age: 60 years) from the Rotterdam Study.

Pain Experience is Somatotopically Organized and Overlaps with Pain Anticipation in the Human Cerebellum.

Many fMRI studies have shown activity in the cerebellum after peripheral nociceptive stimulation. We investigated whether the areas in the cerebellum that were activated after nociceptive thumb stimulation were separate from those after nociceptive toe stimulation. In an additional experiment, we investigated the same for the anticipation of a nociceptive stimulation on the thumb or toe.

The influence of cervical movement on eye stabilization reflexes: a randomized trial.

To investigate the influence of the amount of cervical movement on the cervico-ocular reflex (COR) and vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in healthy individuals. Eye stabilization reflexes, especially the COR, are changed in neck pain patients. In healthy humans, the strength of the VOR and the COR are inversely related.

Polyneuropathy relates to impairment in daily activities, worse gait, and fall-related injuries.

Objective: To extensively investigate the association of chronic polyneuropathy with basic and instrumental activities of daily living (BADL and IADL), falls, and gait.

Methods: A total of 1,445 participants of the population-based Rotterdam Study (mean age 71 years, 54% women) underwent a polyneuropathy screening involving a symptom questionnaire, neurologic examination, and nerve conduction studies. Screening yielded 4 groups: no, possible, probable, and definite polyneuropathy.

Cerebellar tDCS Does Not Enhance Performance in an Implicit Categorization Learning Task.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a form of non-invasive electrical stimulation that changes neuronal excitability in a polarity and site-specific manner. In cognitive tasks related to prefrontal and cerebellar learning, cortical tDCS arguably facilitates learning, but the few studies investigating cerebellar tDCS, however, are inconsistent. We investigate the effect of cerebellar tDCS on performance of an implicit categorization learning task.

Asymptomatic radiographic hip osteoarthritis is associated with gait differences, especially in women: A population-based study.

Background: Hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA) are debilitating diseases that impair gait at severe stages. Although associations between OA and gait are established for normal walking, little is known about its relation with turning and tandem (heel-to-toe) walking. Furthermore, it is unknown how asymptomatic OA associates with gait, and whether associations differ by sex.

Eye stabilization reflexes in traumatic and non-traumatic chronic neck pain patients.

Background: Many chronic neck pain patients experience problems with vision. These problems are possibly induced by deviations of the eye stabilization reflexes. It is not known whether these eye reflex alterations occur both in traumatic and non-traumatic neck pain patients.

Brain MRI-markers Associate Differentially with Cognitive Versus Functional Decline Leading to Dementia.

Background: Brain MRI-markers are risk factors of dementia and decline in cognition and daily functioning. It is unknown to what extent the associations of brain MRI-markers with cognition and daily functioning are part of the pathway leading to dementia. We aimed to investigate associations of brain MRI-markers with change in cognition and daily functioning during 15 years of follow-up, including their relation to dementia.

The complex genetics of gait speed: genome-wide meta-analysis approach.

Emerging evidence suggests that the basis for variation in late-life mobility is attributable, in part, to genetic factors, which may become increasingly important with age. Our objective was to systematically assess the contribution of genetic variation to gait speed in older individuals. We conducted a meta-analysis of gait speed GWASs in 31,478 older adults from 17 cohorts of the CHARGE consortium, and validated our results in 2,588 older adults from 4 independent studies.

Performance on tasks of visuospatial memory and ability: A cross-sectional study in 330 adolescents aged 11 to 20.

Cognitive functions mature at different points in time between birth and adulthood. Of these functions, visuospatial skills, such as spatial memory and part-to-whole organization, have often been tested in children and adults but have been less frequently evaluated during adolescence. We studied visuospatial memory and ability during this critical developmental period, as well as the correlation between these abilities, in a large group of 330 participants (aged 11 to 20 years, 55% male).

Gait patterns associated with thyroid function: The Rotterdam Study.

Gait is an important health indicator and poor gait is strongly associated with disability and risk of falls. Thyroid dysfunction is suggested as a potential determinant of gait deterioration, but this has not been explored in a population-based study. We therefore investigated the association of thyroid function with gait patterns in 2645 participants from the Rotterdam Study with data available on TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), FT4 (free thyroxine) and gait, without known thyroid disease or dementia.

Eye movements in patients with Whiplash Associated Disorders: a systematic review.

Background: Many people with Whiplash Associated Disorders (WAD) report problems with vision, some of which may be due to impaired eye movements. Better understanding of such impaired eye movements could improve diagnostics and treatment strategies. This systematic review surveys the current evidence on changes in eye movements of patients with WAD and explains how the oculomotor system is tested.