Modulating the gut microbiome in non-small cell lung cancer: Challenges and opportunities.

Despite the efficacy of immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the majority of the patients experience relapse with limited subsequent treatment options. Preclinical studies of various epithelial tumors, such as melanoma and NSCLC, have shown that harnessing the gut microbiome resulted in improvement of therapeutic responses to immunotherapy. Is this review, we summarize the role of microbiome, including lung and gut microbiome in the context of NSCLC, provide overview of the mechanisms of microbiome in efficacy and toxicity of chemotherapies and immunotherapies, and address current ongoing clinical trials for NSCLC including fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and live biotherapeutic products (LBPs).

Management of HER2 alterations in non-small cell lung cancer - The past, present, and future.

HER2 mutations, which account for 2-4% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), are distinct molecular alterations identified via next generation sequencing (NGS). Previously, treatment outcomes in HER2-mutant metastatic NSCLC were dismal, showing limited clinical benefit with platinum-based chemotherapy with or without immunotherapy. In contrast to HER2-altered breast and gastric cancer, HER2-mutant NSCLC does not benefit from HER2 targeting agents such as trastuzumab or TDM1.

Path Less Traveled: Targeting Rare Driver Oncogenes in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

Over the past decade, tremendous efforts have been made in the development of targeted agents in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with nonsquamous histology. Pivotal studies have used next-generation sequencing to select the patient population harboring oncogenic driver alterations that are targetable with targeted therapies. As treatment paradigm rapidly evolves for patients with rare oncogene-driven NSCLC, updated comprehensive overview of diagnostic approach and treatment options is paramount in clinical settings.

Early Revision Surgery for Tibial Plateau Fractures.

Objective: To describe patients' outcomes after revision of tibial plateau fracture fixation within 12 months of the initial surgical procedure. To assess differences in objective outcome scores [International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), short form-36, arthrosis score, physical examination] depending on whether patients were treated for malreduction, malunion, or nonunion.

Design: Retrospective case series.

Waking up the healing potential of the bone:subtrochanteric non-union in femoral dysplasia successfully treated after 40 years of pain and disability.

We describe a successful valgus osteotomy for a subtrochanteric non-union in a dysplastic femur that had not healed in 40 years despite many earlier attempts. The optimisation of biology and biomechanics in the subtrochanteric area shows that even in a longstanding and complex deformity around the hip salvage is possible.