A Comparative Study of Pyrolysis Liquids by Slow Pyrolysis of Industrial Hemp Leaves, Hurds and Roots.

This study assessed the pyrolysis liquids obtained by slow pyrolysis of industrial hemp leaves, hurds, and roots. The liquids recovered between a pyrolysis temperature of 275-350 °C, at two condensation temperatures 130 °C and 70 °C, were analyzed. Aqueous and bio-oil pyrolysis liquids were produced and analyzed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and atmospheric pressure photoionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (APPI FT-ICR MS).

Classification of Wood Chips Using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy and Machine Learning.

Wood chips are extensively utilised as raw material for the pulp and bio-fuel industry, and advanced material analyses may improve the processes in utilizing these products. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) combined with machine learning was used in order to analyse heartwood content of pine chips and bark content of birch chips. A novel electrode system integrated in a sampling container was developed for the testing using frequency range 42 Hz-5 MHz.

Lifestyle factors and site-specific risk of hip fracture in community dwelling older women--a 13-year prospective population-based cohort study.

Background: Several risk factors are associated to hip fractures. It seems that different hip fracture types have different etiologies. In this study, we evaluated the lifestyle-related risk factors for cervical and trochanteric hip fractures in older women over a 13-year follow-up period.

Long-term outcomes of exercise: follow-up of a randomized trial in older women with osteopenia.

Background: Long-term evidence from randomized trials of the effectiveness of exercise in preventing disability and fall-related fractures in elderly people has been lacking.

Methods: We performed extended follow-up of 160 women (aged 70-73 years at baseline) with osteopenia in a population-based, randomized, controlled exercise trial. The trial was conducted from April 1 through April 30, 2001.

Risk factors for cervical and trochanteric hip fractures in elderly women: a population-based 10-year follow-up study.

We evaluated the contribution of lifestyle-related factors, calcaneal ultrasound, and radial bone mineral density (BMD) to cervical and trochanteric hip fractures in elderly women in a 10-year population-based cohort study. The study population consisted of 1,681 women (age range 70-73 years). Seventy-two percent (n = 1,222) of them participated in the baseline measurements.

Associations of genetic lactase non-persistence and sex with bone loss in young adulthood.

Some studies have reported that after attainment of peak bone mass (PBM), slow bone loss may occur in both men and women; however, findings are inconsistent. Genetic factors play a significant role in bone loss, but the available evidence is conflicting. Genetic lactase non-persistence (lactase C/C(-13910) genotype) is suggested to increase risk for inadequate calcium intake predisposing to poorer bone health.

Estrogen replacement therapy decreases plasma adiponectin but not resistin in postmenopausal women.

The effects of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) to cardiovascular disease risk are still unclear. Low adiponectin and high resistin plasma concentrations are reported to be associated with atherosclerosis. However, it is not known how ERT affects plasma adiponectin and resistin concentrations.

A 10-year follow-up of the effect of continuous-combined hormone replacement therapy and its discontinuation on bone in postmenopausal women.

Objective: To establish the effect on bone mineral density (BMD) of long-term (nine years) continuous-combined hormone replacement therapy (ccHRT) with estradiol valerate/medroxyprogesterone acetate (E(2)V/MPA) and follow-up one year after discontinuation of ccHRT.

Study Design: A total of 279 women were treated with daily dosages of E(2)V + MPA: 1 mg + 2.5 mg (n = 69), 1 mg + 5 mg (n = 70) or 2 mg + 5 mg (n = 140) (Indivina), Orion Pharma, Espoo, Finland) for 8.

One-year endometrial safety evaluation of a continuous combined transdermal matrix patch delivering low-dose estradiol-norethisterone acetate in postmenopausal women.

Objective: To evaluate the safety and endometrial protection of low-dose transdermal estradiol (E2)/norethisterone acetate (NETA) patches (Estalis 25/125) in terms of post-treatment incidence of endometrial hyperplasia/cancer after 1 year of treatment in postmenopausal women with intact uteri.

Methods: Patients were randomized to receive either transdermal E2/NETA (delivering daily doses of E2 25 microg and NETA 125 microg; applied every 3-4 days) or oral E2/NETA (E2 1mg and NETA 0.5 mg; given daily) in this open-label study.

Cost-effectiveness of continuous combined hormone replacement therapy in long-term use: economic evaluation based on a 9-year study in Finland.

Objectives: To investigate the cost-effectiveness of continuous combined hormone replacement therapy (ccHRT) (Indivina) in postmenopausal women in Finland treated for up to nine consecutive years in the course of a randomised controlled trial.

Methods: In-study event data were accrued for cardiac and vascular events, cancers and fractures. These event incidence data were applied to first-year direct medical costs for these events, derived from published sources.

A 10-year follow-up of postmenopausal women on long-term continuous combined hormone replacement therapy: Update of safety and quality-of-life findings.

Objective: To assess the safety and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of continuous combined hormone replacement therapy (ccHRT) with estradiol valerate/medroxyprogesterone acetate (E(2)V/MPA) over nine years and at follow-up one year after discontinuation.

Study Design: A total of 419 women were randomized to one of four treatments: once-daily 1 mg E2V/2.5 mg MPA (1 + 2.

Hormone therapy: maximizing the benefits.

Despite the ongoing controversy surrounding the findings from recent studies of hormone therapy (HT) and their implications for its use, HT is indisputably highly beneficial for treating climacteric symptoms and vaginal atrophy and in preventing osteoporosis. An apparent small increase in breast cancer risk with combined HT must be balanced against a reduction in the significant morbidity and mortality associated with fractures, combined with improved well-being, quality of life, and potential protection against colorectal cancer and cardiovascular disease. Individualization of HT regimen and dose depending on the woman's wishes and circumstances appears to be one way to maximize the benefits of HT and minimize the risks.

Effects of ospemifene and raloxifene on biochemical markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women.

Ospemifene is a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that is initially being developed for the treatment of vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. However, it also shows promise in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. As a part of a phase II trial, we compared the effects of ospemifene and raloxifene on bone turnover in postmenopausal women.

Effect of exercise on extraskeletal risk factors for hip fractures in elderly women with low BMD: a population-based randomized controlled trial.

Unlabelled: We conducted a 30-month population-based, randomized, controlled trial in 160 elderly women at risk for fractures on the basis of a low baseline BMD. Mainly home-based weight-bearing exercise was effective in improving strength, balance, and gait.

Introduction: Evidence on the effect of exercise on extraskeletal risk factors for hip fractures comes mainly from studies in voluntary low-risk women, and no population-based, long-term interventions have been performed in elderly women with low bone mass.

Decade-long use of continuous combined hormone replacement therapy is associated with better health-related quality of life in postmenopausal women, as measured by the generic 15D instrument.

Objective: To examine quality of life after a decade of continuous combined hormone replacement therapy.

Study Design: The 15D, a generic health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) instrument, was used to evaluate trends in HRQoL in women who used continuous combined hormone replacement therapy (ccHRT; Indivina, Orion Pharma, Finland) for up to nine years. These women had a mean age of 56 years of age at the start of therapy.

Effect of impact exercise on bone mineral density in elderly women with low BMD: a population-based randomized controlled 30-month intervention.

Evidence of the effect of exercise on bone loss comes mainly from studies in voluntary postmenopausal women, and no population-based, long-term interventions have been performed. The purpose of this population-based, randomized, controlled trial was to determine the effect of long-term impact exercise on bone mass at various skeletal sites in elderly women with low bone mineral density (BMD) at the radius and hip. Participants (n=160) were randomly assigned to 30 months either of supervised and home-based impact exercise training or of no intervention.

Estrogen replacement therapy increases plasma ghrelin levels.

Ghrelin is a novel peptide hormone that has GH releasing activity and also other endocrine and metabolic functions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of estrogen replacement therapy on plasma active ghrelin levels in 64 hysterectomized postmenopausal women receiving peroral estrogen (PE) or transdermal estrogen therapy for 6 months. Active ghrelin was measured using commercial RIA.

Long-term safety and tolerability of continuous-combined hormone therapy in postmenopausal women: results from a seven-year randomised comparison of low and standard doses.

Objective: To establish the long-term safety profile of four oestradiol valerate/medroxyprogesterone acetate (E(2)V/MPA) regimens.

Study Design: 419 postmenopausal women in parallel treatment groups started treatment with 1 or 2 mg E(2)V with either 2.5 or 5 mg MPA for 84 cycles of 28 days in a randomised, comparative study.

Effects of estrogen replacement therapy on natriuretic peptides and blood pressure.

Objective: Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) has been reported to affect blood pressure. Since natriuretic peptides have natriuretic and vasodilatory activity and also inhibit the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and lower blood pressure, it was hypothesized that the changes in blood pressure effected by ERT might be mediated via changes in natriuretic peptides.

Methods: Fifty-eight postmenopausal hysterectomized women were randomized in a double-blind, double-dummy study to receive either peroral estradiol valerate 2 mg/day or transdermal estradiol gel containing 1 mg estradiol/day for 6 months.

Effects of ospemifene, a novel SERM, on vascular markers and function in healthy, postmenopausal women.

Objective: Ospemifene, a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), shows promise for bone preservation in postmenopausal women. This study examined the effects of ospemifene on different vascular surrogate markers.

Design: A double-blinded study was conducted in 160 healthy, postmenopausal women who used, in a randomized order, ospemifene (at daily doses of 30, 60, or 90 mg) or placebo for 3 months.

Effects of ospemifene, a novel SERM, on hormones, genital tract, climacteric symptoms, and quality of life in postmenopausal women: a double-blind, randomized trial.

Objective: Ospemifene, a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator, shows a potential for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. We studied the effects of ospemifene on hormone levels, genital tract organs, climacteric symptoms, and quality of life.

Design: A double-blinded study in which 160 postmenopausal women were randomly allocated to receive either ospemifene at three different daily doses (30, 60, or 90 mg) or placebo for 3 months.

Measuring health-related quality of life in women on hormone replacement therapy.

Hormone replacement therapy has been shown to effectively relieve postmenopausal symptoms. However, its impact on health-related quality of life is not well documented. There is no gold standard instrument available for measuring the effects of hormone replacement therapy on health-related quality of life of postmenopausal women.

Characteristics of lifetime factors, bone metabolism, and bone mineral density in patients with hip fracture.

Seventy-four postmenopausal women with nonpathological hip fracture were recruited to a study in which they were compared for lifetime factors, some biochemical measurements of bone metabolism, and bone mineral density (BMD), with 40 age-adjusted controls without fracture. The fracture patients were less independent; their walking ability was weaker; their vision was poorer; they had more general diseases (strokes, diabetes, malignant diseases, heart and vascular diseases); more of them had had deliveries; and they were using significantly more loop diuretics, and antidepressant, neuroleptic, and diabetes drugs than the controls. Thirty-seven patients and 19 controls were excluded from the statistical comparison of BMD and the biochemical measurements of bone metabolism because they had had treatments with calcium, vitamin D, bisphosphonates, estrogens, calcitonin, or corticosteroids, and one fracture patient was excluded for primary hyperparathyroidism.