The intestinal mucin isoform landscape reveals region-specific biomarker panels for inflammatory bowel disease patient stratification.

Background And Aims: Mucosal healing is considered as a key therapeutic endpoint in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and comprises endoscopic improvement of inflammation without taking barrier healing into account. Mucins are critical components of the mucosal barrier function that give rise to structurally diverse isoforms. Unraveling disease-associated mucin isoforms that could act as an indication for barrier function would greatly enhance IBD management.

Measuring Myeloperoxidase Activity as a Marker of Inflammation in Gut Tissue Samples of Mice and Rat.

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an enzyme contained in lysosomal azurophilic granules of neutrophils. MPO activity has been shown to correlate with the number of neutrophils in histological sections of the gastrointestinal tract and is therefore accepted as a biomarker of neutrophil invasion in the gut. This protocol describes an easy, cost-effective kinetic colorimetric assay to quantify myeloperoxidase activity in intestinal tissue samples.

IL-22-Activated Impacts on Colonic Barrier Function through JAK1/STAT3, SNAI1/ZEB1 and ROCK2/MAPK Signaling.

Overexpression of the transmembrane mucin MUC13, as seen in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), could potentially impact barrier function. This study aimed to explore how inflammation-induced MUC13 disrupts epithelial barrier integrity by affecting junctional protein expression in IBD, thereby also considering the involvement of MUC1. RNA sequencing and permeability assays were performed using LS513 cells transfected with and siRNA and subsequently stimulated with IL-22.

Single-day and multi-day exposure to orogastric gavages does not affect intestinal barrier function in mice.

Animals involved in common laboratory procedures experience minor levels of stress. The direct effect of limited amounts of stress on gastrointestinal function has not been reported yet. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effect of single-day and multi-day orogastric gavages on gut physiology in mice.

Volatile organic compound profiling as a potential biomarker in irritable bowel syndrome: A feasibility study.

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder for which no diagnostic tools are currently available. Patients are diagnosed using the Rome IV criteria and subtyped into a diarrhea, constipation, or mixed phenotype based on their dominant stool pattern. A recent development in the biomarker area is the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

The Effect of Serine Protease Inhibitors on Visceral Pain in Different Rodent Models With an Intestinal Insult.

Serine proteases are believed to play a key role in the origin of abdominal pain in IBD and IBS. We previously demonstrated a reduction of visceral pain in a post-inflammatory IBS rat model after a single intraperitoneal or intracolonic administration of a serine protease inhibitor. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of serine protease inhibition on visceral pain in two different animal models involving a colonic insult based either on acute inflammation or on neonatal irritation.

Proteolytic Cleavage of Bioactive Peptides and Protease-Activated Receptors in Acute and Post-Colitis.

The protease activity in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome has been studied extensively using synthetic fluorogenic substrates targeting specific sets of proteases. We explored activities in colonic tissue from a 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis rat model by investigating the cleavage of bioactive peptides. Pure trypsin- and elastase-like proteases on the one hand and colonic tissue from rats with TNBS-induced colitis in the acute or post-inflammatory phase on the other, were incubated with relevant peptides to identify their cleavage pattern by mass spectrometry.

A dynamic mucin mRNA signature associates with COVID-19 disease presentation and severity.

BACKGROUNDSARS-CoV-2 infection induces mucin overexpression, further promoting disease. Given that mucins are critical components of innate immunity, unraveling their expression profiles that dictate the course of disease could greatly enhance our understanding and management of COVID-19.METHODSUsing validated RT-PCR assays, we assessed mucin mRNA expression in the blood of patients with symptomatic COVID-19 compared with symptomatic patients without COVID-19 and healthy controls and correlated the data with clinical outcome parameters.

The Effect of a Novel Serine Protease Inhibitor on Inflammation and Intestinal Permeability in a Murine Colitis Transfer Model.

A protease/antiprotease disbalance is observed in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). We therefore studied the effect of the novel serine protease inhibitor UAMC-00050 on intestinal inflammation and permeability in a chronic colitis T cell transfer mouse model to get further insight into the regulation of T cell-mediated immunopathology. Colitis was induced in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice, by the adoptive transfer of CD4CD25CD62L T cells.

Local Colonic Administration of a Serine Protease Inhibitor Improves Post-Inflammatory Visceral Hypersensitivity in Rats.

Dysregulation of the protease-antiprotease balance in the gastrointestinal tract has been suggested as a mechanism underlying visceral hypersensitivity in conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We aimed to study the potential therapeutic role of an intracolonically administered serine protease inhibitor for the treatment of abdominal pain in a post-inflammatory rat model for IBS. An enema containing 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) was used to induce colitis in male Sprague-Dawley rats, whereas controls received a saline solution.

Intestinal barrier dysfunction in irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review.

Background And Aim: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a complex and heterogeneous disorder. Sensory, motor and barrier dysfunctions are the key physiological endophenotypes of IBS. Our aim is to review studies evaluating barrier dysfunction in adults and children with IBS, as well as to link those changes with IBS symptomatology and quality of life.

Review, Performance Comparison, and Validation of Models Predicting Type 2 Diabetes Remission After Bariatric Surgery in a Western European Population.

Purpose: The majority of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) achieve remission after bariatric surgery. Several models are available to preoperatively predict T2DM remission. This study compares the performance of these models in a Western population one year after surgery and explores their predictive value in comparison to a model specifically designed for our study population.

Effect of resolvins on sensitisation of TRPV1 and visceral hypersensitivity in IBS.

Objective: Resolvins (RvD1, RvD2 and RvE1) are endogenous anti-inflammatory lipid mediators that display potent analgesic properties in somatic pain by modulating transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) activation. To what extent these molecules could also have a beneficial effect on TRPV1 sensitisation and visceral hypersensitivity (VHS), mechanisms involved in IBS, remains unknown.

Design: The effect of RvD1, RvD2 and RvE1 on TRPV1 activation and sensitisation by histamine or IBS supernatants was assessed on murine dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons using live Ca imaging.

Adoptive Cell Transfer of Regulatory T Cells Exacerbates Hepatic Steatosis in High-Fat High-Fructose Diet-Fed Mice.

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a multisystem condition, involving the liver, adipose tissue, and immune system. Regulatory T (Treg) cells are a subset of T cells that exert an immune-controlling effect. Previously, a reduction of Treg cells in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) was shown to be associated with a more severe degree of liver disease.

Diet Reversal and Immune Modulation Show Key Role for Liver and Adipose Tissue T Cells in Murine Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis.

Background & Aims: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a multisystem condition, implicating liver and adipose tissue. Although the general involvement of the innate and adaptive immune system has been established, we aimed to define the exact role of the functionally diverse T-cell subsets in NASH pathogenesis through diet reversal and immunologic modulation.

Methods: Multiple experimental set-ups were used in 8-week-old C57BL/6J mice, including prolonged high-fat high-fructose diet (HFHFD) feeding, diet reversal from HFHFD to control diet, and administration of anti-CD8a and anti-interleukin 17A antibodies.

Volatomics in inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are produced by the human metabolism, inflammation and gut microbiota and form the basis of innovative volatomics research. VOCs detected through breath and faecal analysis hence serve as attractive, non-invasive biomarkers for diagnosing and monitoring irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This review describes the clinical applicability of volatomics in discriminating between IBS, IBD and healthy volunteers with acceptable accuracy in breath (70%-100%) and faecal (58%-85%) samples.

In-Depth Study of Transmembrane Mucins in Association with Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction During the Course of T Cell Transfer and DSS-Induced Colitis.

Background And Aims: There is evidence for a disturbed intestinal barrier function in inflammatory bowel diseases [IBD] but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Because mucins represent the major components of the mucus barrier and disturbed mucin expression is reported in the colon of IBD patients, we studied the association between mucin expression, inflammation and intestinal permeability in experimental colitis.

Methods: We quantified 4-kDa FITC-dextran intestinal permeability and the expression of cytokines, mucins, junctional and polarity proteins at dedicated time points in the adoptive T cell transfer and dextran sodium sulfate [DSS]-induced colitis models.

Effects of intestinal alkaline phosphatase on intestinal barrier function in a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced mouse model for sepsis.

Background: Sepsis is a severe pathological condition associated with systemic inflammation, intestinal inflammation, and gastrointestinal barrier dysfunction. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) has been demonstrated to detoxify lipopolysaccharide, an important mediator in the pathophysiology of sepsis. We investigated the effect of treatment with IAP on intestinal permeability, intestinal inflammation, and bacterial translocation.

Clinical- and surgery-specific risk factors for post-operative sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of over 30 million patients.

Post-operative sepsis is a severe complication of surgery, which often worsens the clinical outcomes. While several risk factors have been identified, the importance of others remains uncertain. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine patient and surgery-related risk factors for post-operative sepsis.

Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor C11 (Mrgprc11) induces visceral hypersensitivity in the mouse colon: A novel target in gut nociception?

Background: Visceral hypersensitivity, an important cause of abdominal pain in disorders such as IBD and IBS, presents with a poorly understood pathophysiology and limited treatment options. Several members of the Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor family (Mrgprs) have become promising targets in pain research. The potential link between the murine Mrgpr C11 (Mrgprc11) and gut nociception is currently uninvestigated.

Newly developed serine protease inhibitors decrease visceral hypersensitivity in a post-inflammatory rat model for irritable bowel syndrome.

Background And Purpose: Serine proteases have been re suggested as important mediators of visceral pain. We investigated their effect by using newly developed serine protease inhibitors with a well-characterized inhibitory profile in a rat model of post-inflammatory irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

Experimental Approach: Colitis was induced in rats receiving intrarectal trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid; controls received 0.

Severe steatosis induces portal hypertension by systemic arterial hyporeactivity and hepatic vasoconstrictor hyperreactivity in rats.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most prevalent chronic liver disease. The presence of portal hypertension has been demonstrated in NAFLD prior to development of inflammation or fibrosis, and is a result of extrahepatic and intrahepatic factors, principally driven by vascular dysfunction. An increased intrahepatic vascular resistance potentially contributes to progression of NAFLD via intralobular hypoxia.

Regulation of intestinal permeability: The role of proteases.

The gastrointestinal barrier is - with approximately 400 m - the human body's largest surface separating the external environment from the internal milieu. This barrier serves a dual function: permitting the absorption of nutrients, water and electrolytes on the one hand, while limiting host contact with noxious luminal antigens on the other hand. To maintain this selective barrier, junction protein complexes seal the intercellular space between adjacent epithelial cells and regulate the paracellular transport.

Visceral hypersensitivity in inflammatory bowel diseases and irritable bowel syndrome: The role of proteases.

Proteases, enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis of peptide bonds, are present at high concentrations in the gastrointestinal tract. Besides their well-known role in the digestive process, they also function as signaling molecules through the activation of protease-activated receptors (PARs). Based on their chemical mechanism for catalysis, proteases can be classified into several classes: serine, cysteine, aspartic, metallo- and threonine proteases represent the mammalian protease families.