Biomineral deposits and coatings on stone monuments as biodeterioration fingerprints.

Biominerals deposition processes, also called biomineralisation, are intimately related to biodeterioration on stone surfaces. They include complex processes not always completely well understood. The study of biominerals implies the identification of organisms, their molecular mechanisms, and organism/rock/atmosphere interactions.

Analysis of spectra from portable handheld gamma-ray spectrometry for terrain comparative assessment.

Geological characteristics can have impacts on societal development by, e.g., geotechnical issues and radiological hazard levels.