Guidelines on epidemics in Mexico. Historical perspective.

A perspective of epidemics and pandemics in Mexico is offered, focusing on three time periods, namely, end of the 18 century, the 20 century, and the 21 century, in order to analyze how they were approached by health and government authorities, as well as the challenges they have represented. Historical documentary sources were consulted and, in current cases, participation in them was analyzed. Epidemiological and social historical methodologies were combined.

Pharmaceuticals as emerging contaminants in the aquatic environment of Latin America: a review.

Pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) are environmentally ubiquitous around the world, and the countries of Latin America (LATAM) are not the exception; however there is still little knowledge of the magnitude and conditions of their occurrence in LATAM and of the environmental consequences of their presence. The present work reviews 79 documents published from 2007 to 2019 on the occurrence, concentrations, and sources of PhACs and hormones in surface water (SW), wastewater (WW), and treated wastewater (TWW) in LATAM and on the circumstances of their release to the environment. Research efforts are reported in only ten countries and confirm the presence of 159 PhACs, mainly analgesics and anti-inflammatories, although extraordinarily high concentrations of carbamazepine (830 μg/L) and ethinylestradiol (6.

From ISET to InDRE. V. Institute of Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference. Global strategic position, 2012-2019.

This document describes the changes at the Institute of Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference (InDRE) from 2012 to 2019, the administrative and equipment modifications, the new headquarters and the National System of Epidemiological Surveillance legal modifications. The process of relocation is mentioned, especially the careful transfer of the biological material protected by the Institute, and the new way of studying epidemic outbreaks, endemic diseases and the negative network is analyzed. At the international level, the promotion of links with global networks of the Pan American Health Organization, the World Health Organization (WHO) and other international organizations is described.

Body Fat Percentage Rather than Body Mass Index Related to the High Occurrence of Type 2 Diabetes.

Background: Diabetes prevalence estimation and reduction of its risk factors remain the major goals of health services. While obesity is the major risk factor for diabetes, body fat distribution may be a better predictor.

Aims: To estimate the prevalence of diabetes in an adult working population in Mexico City, and to evaluate the strength of association with different risk factors.

From ISET to InDRE. IV. Institute of Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference: new orientation, 1990-2012.

From 1990 to 2012, the Sanitary and Tropical Diseases Institute experienced the most important changes. In 1989, its name and orientation were modified to become the National Institute of Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference. Shortly before, it had been formalized as the apex of the National Network of Public Health Laboratories and had incorporated laboratories for preventive programs such as exfoliative cytology and rabies, malaria and tuberculosis diagnosis; subsequently, it would incorporate other networks that emerged as part of the response to major epidemic outbreaks and to the new epidemiological outlook.

Desde el ISET al InDRE. III. Instituto de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropicales: crisis y renovación, 1965-1989.

This paper analyzes the situation and the changes made in the Institute of Sanitary and Tropical Diseases between 1965 and 1989 to become the National Institute of Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference. Three major stages are identified during this period: crisis, transition and renewal. The factors that led to the crisis, the decisions made to overcome it and to harmonize the work of laboratories with epidemiological and public health criteria are discussed.

Desde el ISET al InDRE. II. Instituto de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropicales: madurez y consolidación, 1940-1964.

The period that starts in 1940 is crucial for the creation of Mexico's modern health system. The Institute of Sanitary and Tropical Diseases is the pioneer institution in health research and on its first two decades it achieved maturity and consolidated lines of research expressed in almost 1700 publications. It also obtained notorious international visibility and was selected as a regional reference for epidemiological surveillance of influenza, streptococcus and salmonella.

Desde el ISET al InDRE. I. Instituto de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropicales: génesis y primeros años, 1934-1940.

Lázaro Cárdenas government vision, and the process to create the Sanitary and Tropical Diseases Institute, which is considered strategic for public health, were consistent with the actions that were carried out: the Department of Public Sanitary asked the most relevant scientist of those days, Eliseo Ramírez, to design and follow-up the Institute's project. A commission of the Higher Education and Scientific Research Council reviewed and approved the project and conferred this institution its nature of research center with social and humanistic vocation since its foundation. Sanitary and Tropical Diseases Institute became the first post-revolutionary health institution that was born with well-remunerated job positions to conduct full-time research in Mexico, offering clinical services, teaching and supporting disease prevention and control campaigns.

Successful up-scaled population interventions to reduce risk factors for non-communicable disease in adults: results from the International Community Interventions for Health (CIH) Project in China, India and Mexico.

Background: Non-communicable disease (NCD) is increasing rapidly in low and middle-income countries (LMIC), and is associated with tobacco use, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity. There is little evidence for up-scaled interventions at the population level to reduce risk in LMIC.

Methods: The Community Interventions for Health (CIH) program was a population-scale community intervention study with comparator population group undertaken in communities in China, India, and Mexico, each with populations between 150,000-250,000.

Inside the outbreak of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1)v virus in Mexico.

Background: Influenza viruses pose a threat to human health because of their potential to cause global disease. Between mid March and mid April a pandemic influenza A virus emerged in Mexico. This report details 202 cases of infection of humans with the 2009 influenza A virus (H1N1)v which occurred in Mexico City as well as the spread of the virus throughout the entire country.

Assessment of groundwater contamination by landfill leachate: a case in México.

In México, uncontrolled landfills or open-dumps are regularly used as "sanitary landfills". Interactions between landfills/open-dumps and shallow unconfined aquifers have been widely documented. Therefore, evidence showing the occurrence of aquifer contamination may encourage Mexican decision makers to enforce environmental regulations.

[Coronary heart disease in Mexico and the clinical epidemiological and preventive relevance].

Coronary heart disease is dominant among heart diseases in the population, a problem to control. Heart diseases have been first place in the general mortality for the last 20 years. The trend show an annual increase without control.