Composition of linear and branched short-chain fatty acids in human milk and newborn feces: influence of perinatal and maternal factors.

This research aimed to analyze the percentage of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in human milk (HM) and newborn feces and to explore potential associations with factors such as maternal nutrition, age, biological sex, delivery mode, diet, and the type of HM. Gas chromatography was used to measure the percentage of SCFAs in colostrum ( = 23), transitional HM ( = 23), and mature HM ( = 92) and feces of newborn ( = 36) at day 30 postpartum. Anthropometry was also evaluated in the mother and the infant.

Changes in RANKL, OPG, and 25(OH)D Levels in Children with Leukemia from Diagnosis to Remission.

Background: The receptor activator of the nuclear factor-kB (RANK)/RANK ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) pathway is a determining pathway in the balance between bone formation and resorption, and disruptions in this complex can affect bone metabolism.

Methods: This study analyzes the changes in RANKL, OPG, and 25(OH)D levels; the RANKL/OPG ratio; and other bone turnover markers (BTMs) from diagnosis to complete remission in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This is a prospective observational cohort study, carried out at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, including 33 patients (4-17 years) with newly diagnosed B-cell ALL.

Risk factors associated with glomerular filtration rate in Mexican adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is related to glomerular filtration rate (GFR) impairment, which is one of the main causes of chronic kidney disease. The objective of this study was to identify the risk factors related to GFR in Mexican adults with T2DM, using a validated multiple linear regression model (MLRM), with emphasis in body adiposity, glycemic control, duration of the diabetes and other relevant risk factors.

Materials And Methods: A cross-sectional, analytical, and observational study was carried out in 252 adults with a previous diagnosis of T2DM.

The muscle regeneration marker FOXP3 is associated with muscle injury in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Background: In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the immune system cells (ISC) synthesize molecules to regulate inflammation, a process needed to regenerate muscle. The relationship between those molecules and the muscle injury is unknown. Monocytes belonging to ISC are regulated by omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 LCPUFAs) in DMD, but whether those fatty acids influence other ISC like T-cells is unknown.

Determinants of Vitamin D Status in Healthy Young Adults from Mexico City.

Background And Aims: Vitamin D deficiency is a global health problem. The determinants of this deficiency have not been evaluated in developing countries such as Mexico. Thus, this study aimed to determine vitamin D intake and sun exposure and its relationship with plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D -25(OH)D- in young adults from Mexico City.

Obesity and Hyperandrogenemia in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Clinical Implications.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is often accompanied with metabolic disturbances attributed to androgen excess and obesity, but the contribution of each has not been defined, and the occurrence of metabolic disturbances is usually not investigated. Ninety-nine women with PCOS and forty-one without PCOS were evaluated. The clinical biomarkers of alterations related to glucose (glucose, insulin, and clamp-derived glucose disposal - ), liver (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase), and endothelium (arginine, asymmetric dymethylarginine, carotid intima-media thickness, and flow-mediated dilation) metabolism were measured; participants were categorized into four groups according to their obesity (OB) and hyperandrogenemia (HA) status as follows: Healthy (no-HA, lean), HA (HA, lean), OB (no-HA, OB), and HAOB (HA, OB).

Pilot study on the effect of supplementation with long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on body composition in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: randomized clinical trial.

Background: N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA-ω3), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) might have beneficial effects on lean mass and fat mass synthesis.

Objective: To investigate the effect of LCPUFA-ω3 supplementation on body composition changes in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) at remission and three months (3 mo) after supplementation.

Methods: This randomized controlled trial enrolled 72 children (3-13 y) with newly diagnosed ALL (placebo group [500 mg sunflower oil]: 36 patients; LCPUFA-ω3 group [225 mg DHA, 45 mg EPA]: 36 patients).

Effect of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on cardiometabolic factors in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing treatment: a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.

Introduction: Increased triglycerides (TGs) are a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, hypertriglyceridemia is commonly associated with a reduction of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and an increase in atherogenic small-dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) levels. Studies provide support that polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (ω3-LCPUFAs) are cardioprotective and have antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory effects.

Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms, β-cell Function, and Vitamin D Status in Non-obese Mexican Adults.

Background: FokI (rs2228570 T>C) and BsmI (rs1544410 A>G) polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) have been associated to abnormal glucose metabolism and could be inversely associated with β-cell function (BCF) and vitamin D status. There is a lack of information about this topic in the Mexican population.

Aim Of The Study: To evaluate the relationship between VDR gene polymorphisms FokI and BsmI with BCF and vitamin D status in a population of non-obese Mexican adults.

Efficacy and Safety of Vitamin D Supplementation to Prevent COVID-19 in Frontline Healthcare Workers. A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background: Associations between vitamin D (VD) deficiency and the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection have been documented in cross-sectional population studies. Intervention studies in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 have failed to consistently document a beneficial effect.

Objective: To determine the efficacy and safety of VD-supplementation in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection in highly exposed individuals.

Effect of Milk-Based Infant Formula Fortified with PUFAs on Lipid Profile, Growth and Micronutrient Status of Young Children: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial.

Background: Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential to child growth and development.

Objective: To assess the effect of PUFAs-fortified infant formula on lipid profile, growth and micronutrient status in children 12 to 30 months old.

Methods: This study is a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial.

The role of LCPUFA-ω3 on the obesity-associated hyperandrogenemia of pubertal girls: secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.

Introduction Hyperandrogenism (HA), either clinical or biochemical, is associated with obesity in adolescent girls. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids ω3 (LCPUFA-ω3) play protective roles in some obesity-associated morbidities, but their contribution to preventing HA is unclear. Our aim was to examine the potential positive relationships between erythrocyte LCPUFA-ω3, with or without supplementation, and hyperandrogenemia.

Accuracy of the C-glucose breath test to identify insulin resistance in non-diabetic adults.

Aims: To assess the validity of the C-glucose breath test (C-GBT) to identify insulin resistance (IR) in non-diabetic individuals, using hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps as gold standard. This validity was compared with that of other IR surrogates.

Methodology: Non-diabetic adults were studied in a cross-sectional design.

Two parenteral amino acid solutions and plasma levels of amino acids in the neonate: A randomized trial.

Objective: In neonates on total parenteral nutrition (TPN), amino acids may be a risk factor for developing total parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis (TPNAC). We aimed, first, to compare methionine, cysteine, and taurine plasma levels between neonates on TPN who were receiving an intravenous amino acid solution based on a breast milk aminogram and those on an intravenous solution of pediatric amino acids based on an umbilical cord aminogram, and second, to determine the frequency of TPNAC.

Methods: A double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted.

Muscle function and age are associated with loss of bone mineral density in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Introduction: Patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) demonstrate decreased bone mineral density (BD). It is not clear which factors exert the greatest impact on BD loss in these patients.

Methods: In 63 patients with DMD, serum cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-beta [TNF-β]), C-reactive protein (CRP), creatine kinase (CK), muscle function (by Vignos scale), body composition, and total BD (the latter 2 measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, or DEXA) were determined.

Enteral Docosahexaenoic Acid and Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a disorder of the retina of low-birth-weight preterm infants that potentially leads to blindness. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), is protective in experimental models, but its administration as part of parenteral nutrition has shown inconsistent results. We test the effect of enteral DHA to prevent ROP and/or severity and to reduce hospital stay.

Evidence of muscle loss delay and improvement of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in Duchenne muscular dystrophy supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids: A randomized study.

Background & Aims: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is the most prevalent dystrophy of childhood and is characterized by generalized motor delays due to progressive muscular weakness, leading to loss of muscle mass. Additionally, patients with DMD develop obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and Insulin Resistance (IR). Omega-3 Long-Chain PolyUnsaturated Fatty Acids (Ω-3LCPUFA) increase fat mass, decrease lean mass, and decrease hyperinsulinemia and IR.

Optimal Cut-off Points of Fasting and Post-Glucose Stimulus Surrogates of Insulin Resistance as Predictors of Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents According to Several Definitions.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine optimal cut-off points for fasting and post-glucose stimulus surrogates of insulin resistance to predict metabolic syndrome in adolescents according to several definitions.

Methods: One hundred fifty-five adolescents living in Mexico City were enrolled during 2011 and 2012. Waist circumference and blood pressure were recorded.

Association between Plasmatic Ceramides Profile and AST/ALT Ratio: C14:0 Ceramide as Predictor of Hepatic Steatosis in Adolescents Independently of Obesity.

Objective: To assess the association between plasma ceramides and hepatic steatosis (HS) in adolescents, independently of obesity.

Materials And Methods: Ninety-four adolescents from two previous studies conducted and published by our crew were included. Study subjects were stratified in three groups: normal weight ( = 18), obesity ( = 34), and obesity + HS ( = 42).

Enteral Docosahexaenoic Acid Reduces Analgesic Administration in Neonates Undergoing Cardiovascular Surgery.

Background: Neonates undergoing surgery require analgesic medication to ameliorate acute pain. These medications produce negative side effects. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has an antinociceptive effect in animals, but this has not been evaluated in human neonates.

Beneficial Effects of Enteral Docosahexaenoic Acid on the Markers of Inflammation and Clinical Outcomes of Neonates Undergoing Cardiovascular Surgery: An Intervention Study.

Background: Neonates undergoing surgery are at risk for uncontrolled inflammatory response and adverse clinical outcomes. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ameliorates inflammation, improving clinical outcomes. However, its effect has not been evaluated in neonates undergoing surgery.

The 13C-Glucose Breath Test for Insulin Resistance Assessment in Adolescents: Comparison with Fasting and Post-Glucose Stimulus Surrogate Markers of Insulin Resistance.

Objective: To evaluate the use of the 13C-glucose breath test (13C-GBT) for insulin resistance (IR) detection in adolescents through comparison with fasting and post-glucose stimulus surrogates.

Methods: One hundred thirty-three adolescents aged between 10 and 16 years received an oral glucose load of 1.75 g per kg of body weight dissolved in 150 mL of water followed by an oral dose of 1.

The 13C-glucose breath test is a valid non-invasive screening tool to identify metabolic syndrome in adolescents.

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is an important risk factor in pediatric population for the early onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. New non-invasive tools are required to identify MS in at risk populations; the aim of this study was to determine an optimal cut-off point for the 13C-glucose breath test (13C-GBT) for the diagnosis of MS in adolescents.

Methods: A total of 136 adolescents between 10 and 16 years old were recruited.

The [(13)c]glucose breath test is a reliable method to identify insulin resistance in Mexican adults without diabetes: comparison with other insulin resistance surrogates.

Background: Insulin resistance (IR) precedes type 2 diabetes, but tests used to detect it in clinical settings reported poor reproducibility. We assessed the reliability of the [(13)C]glucose breath test ((13)C-GBT) in a sample of subjects without diabetes. Repeatability of the test was compared with that of other IR surrogates derived from the fasting or oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).

Validity and reliability of the 13C-methionine breath test for the detection of moderate hyperhomocysteinemia in Mexican adults.

Background: Hyperhomocysteinemia (Hhcy) is considered an independent risk factor for vascular diseases and, more recently, for dementia. The methionine loading test (MLT) is useful for diagnosing additional subjects with moderate Hhcy. However, it is a complex and time-consuming procedure.