Bioenergetic status of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) during the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the Southeast Pacific Ocean: An interannual scale.

The bioenergetic status of fishes has been used to study their physiological responses to temporal changes at interannual scales. We evaluated the physiological responses of swordfish at an interannual scale from the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO): warm phase "El Niño" in 2015 to the cold phase "La Niña" in 2017 and under neutral conditions as well in 2019. Herein, muscle samples from females and males were analyzed to evaluate the bioenergetic status from their biochemical constituents (L: lipids, P: proteins and G: glucose, E: total energy, and FAs: fatty acid profile), elemental composition (C: carbon, N: nitrogen, H: hydrogen), and nutritional indices (L:P, C:N, DHA/C18:1n-3, DHA/C16:0 and ω3/ω6 FAs).

Variability in the energy reserves of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) of the southeastern Pacific Ocean: A temporal and intra-individual perspective.

The temporal dynamics of energy reserves are associated with the physiological processes (i.e., reproduction) in marine fishes, in which storage organs play a key role for efficient energy investment.

Seasonal dynamics of biochemical composition and fatty acids of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in the Southeast Pacific Ocean off the coast of Chile.

In the Southeast Pacific Ocean, Xiphias gladius migrates through the Chilean coastal zone for feeding. Here, it forages for different prey items from autumn to spring, acquiring a great variety of energy and nutritional reserves. We evaluated seasonal variations in the biochemical reserves (i.