Group 2 innate lymphoid cells promote inhibitory synapse development and social behavior.

The innate immune system shapes brain development and is implicated in neurodevelopmental diseases. It is critical to define the relevant immune cells and signals and their impact on brain circuits. In this work, we found that group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and their cytokine interleukin-13 (IL-13) signaled directly to inhibitory interneurons to increase inhibitory synapse density in the developing mouse brain.

[WITHDRAWN] Neuron-dependent tuft cell expansion initiates sinonasal allergic Type 2 inflammation.

The authors have withdrawn this manuscript owing to inaccuracies in the calculation of tuft cell numbers and errors in the selection of immunofluorescence images used to support our claims. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.

Trefoil Factor Family: A Troika for Lung Repair and Regeneration.

Tissue damage in the upper and lower airways caused by mechanical abrasion, noxious chemicals, or pathogenic organisms must be followed by rapid restorative processes; otherwise, persistent immunopathology and disease may ensue. This review will discuss evidence for the important role served by trefoil factor (TFF) family members in healthy and diseased airways of humans and rodents. Collectively, these peptides serve to both maintain and restore homeostasis through their regulation of the mucous layer and their control of cell motility, cell differentiation, and immune function in the upper and lower airways.

Challenging systemic barriers to promote the inclusion, recruitment, and retention of URM faculty in STEM.

Black/African Americans, Hispanic/Latinxs, and Native Americans remain chronically underrepresented in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM). Values misalignment, implicit/explicit bias, and hypercompetition in the funding climate disproportionately affect underrepresented minority (URM) postdoctoral fellows transitioning into faculty positions. URM scientists must increase and be given opportunities to establish independent research programs.

Tuft cells in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and asthma.

Objective: To review the latest discoveries regarding the role of tuft cells in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyposis and asthma.

Data Sources: Reviews and primary research manuscripts were identified from PubMed, Google, and bioRxiv using the search words airway epithelium, nasal polyposis, CRS or asthma and chemoreceptor cell, solitary chemosensory cell, brush cell, microvillus cell, and tuft cell.

Study Selections: Studies were selected on the basis of novelty and likely relevance to the functions of tuft cells in chronic inflammatory diseases in the upper and lower airways.

Adventitial Stromal Cells Define Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cell Tissue Niches.

Type 2 lymphocytes promote both physiologic tissue remodeling and allergic pathology, yet their physical tissue niches are poorly described. Here, we used quantitative imaging to define the tissue niches of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), which are critical instigators of type 2 immunity. We identified a dominant adventitial niche around lung bronchi and larger vessels in multiple tissues, where ILC2s localized with subsets of dendritic and regulatory T cells.

Isolation and Identification of Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Settings of Type 2 Inflammation.

The recent discovery of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), a major source of canonical T cell cytokines, has prompted significant interest into understanding the role of these novel cells in immune responses. Unlike T cells, ILCs lack antigen receptors, instead receiving activation from locally derived tissue signals. Group 2 ILCs (ILC2s), which express the genes encoding GATA-3, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13, are distributed throughout nonlymphoid tissues.

MicroRNAs 24 and 27 Suppress Allergic Inflammation and Target a Network of Regulators of T Helper 2 Cell-Associated Cytokine Production.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of cell fate decisions in immune responses. They act by coordinate repression of multiple target genes, a property that we exploited to uncover regulatory networks that govern T helper-2 (Th2) cells. A functional screen of individual miRNAs in primary T cells uncovered multiple miRNAs that inhibited Th2 cell differentiation.