Chronic Consumption of Sweeteners and Its Effect on Glycaemia, Cytokines, Hormones, and Lymphocytes of GALT in CD1 Mice.

Background: The consumption of sweeteners has increased in recent years, being used to control body weight and blood glucose. However, they can cause increased appetite, modification of immune function, and secretion of hormones in the GALT.

Objective: To assess the effect of chronic sweetener consumption on glycaemia, cytokines, hormones, and GALT lymphocytes in CD1 mice.

Myocardial expression of transforming growth factor beta family and endothelin-1 in the progression from heart failure to ascites in broilers with cold-induced pulmonary hypertension.

We determined mRNA expression of genes of endothelin-1 (ET-1), and of the transforming growth factor beta ligands (TGFβ1, TGFβ2 and TGFβ3), their receptors (TβRI and TβRII) and their pseudoreceptor BAMBI in the heart of broilers raised under cold temperature conditions and affected by pulmonary hypertension. Gene expression was determined by RT-qPCR in right myocardial ventricle samples from 4-week-old chickens (n = 48) raised either under normal (control) or cold temperature conditions (22 °C versus 14 °C). We do not find differences among healthy birds, birds with cardiac failure and ascitic birds in the mRNA levels of TGFβ2, TGFβ3 and BAMBI.