Intimate Partner Violence against Women during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Spain.

Aims: To analyze the temporal and geographical distribution of different indicators for the evolution of intimate partner violence against women (IPV) before, during and after the COVID-19 induced lockdown between March and June 2020 in Spain.

Methods: Descriptive ecological study based on numbers of 016-calls, policy reports, women killed, and protection orders (PO) issued due to IPV across Spain as a whole and by province (2015-2020). We calculated quarterly rates for each indicator.

[Validation of the Spanish Version of Physician Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence Survey (PREMIS)].

Background: At the international level PREMIS -"Physician Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence Survey"- is amongst the most comprehensive instruments to evaluate primary health care professionals' readiness. The aim of this study is to assess the reliability, internal consistency and construct validity of the Spanish version of this questionnaire.

Methods: After translation, back translation and assessment of content validity of the questionnaire, 200 questionnaires were distributed to medical doctors and nurses working in 15 primary health care centres located in 4 autonomous regions (Comunidad Valenciana, Castilla León, Murcia, Cantabria), in 2013.

Intimate partner violence among women in Spain: the impact of regional-level male unemployment and income inequality.

Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a complex worldwide public health problem. There is scarce research on the independent effect on IPV exerted by structural factors such as labour and economic policies, economic inequalities and gender inequality.

Objective: To analyse the association, in Spain, between contextual variables of regional unemployment and income inequality and individual women's likelihood of IPV, independently of the women's characteristics.

Social and immigration factors in intimate partner violence among Ecuadorians, Moroccans and Romanians living in Spain.

Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women occurs in all countries, all cultures and at every level of society; however, some populations may be at greater risk than others. The aim of this study was to explore IPV prevalence among Ecuadorian, Moroccan and Romanian immigrant women living in Spain and its possible association with their personal, family, social support and immigration status characteristics.

Methods: Cross-sectional study of 1607 adult immigrant women residing in Barcelona, Madrid and Valencia (2011).

Application of the Putting Women First protocol in a study on violence against immigrant women in Spain.

In this paper, we describe our experience of using the Putting Women First protocol in the design and implementation of a cross-sectional study on violence against women (VAW) among 1607 immigrant women from Morocco, Ecuador and Romania living in Spain in 2011. The Putting Women First protocol is an ethical guideline for VAW research, which includes recommendations to ensure the safety of the women involved in studies on this subject. The response rate in this study was 59.

Social determinants and health effects of low and high severity intimate partner violence.

Purpose: We sought to analyze whether the sociodemographic profile of battered women varies according to the level of severity of intimate partner violence (IPV), and to identify possible associations between IPV and different health problems taking into account the severity of these acts.

Methods: A cross-sectional study of 8,974 women (18-70 years) attending primary healthcare centers in Spain (2006-2007) was performed. A compound index was calculated based on frequency, types (physical, psychological, or both), and duration of IPV.

Identifying sociodemographic differences in Intimate Partner Violence among immigrant and native women in Spain: a cross-sectional study.

Objectives: To analyze whether sociodemographics and social support have a different or similar effect on the likelihood of Intimate Partner Violence in immigrants and natives, and to estimate prevalences and associations between different types of IPV depending on women's birthplace.

Methods: Cross-sectional study of 10,048 women (18-70 years) attending primary healthcare in Spain (2006-2007).

Outcome: Current Intimate Partner Violence (psychological, physical and both).

[Gender-based violence against immigrant and Spanish women: scale of the problem, responses and current policies].

Objective: To compare the prevalence of gender-based violence among immigrant and Spanish women. To describe their responses to this problem and the possible differences. To identify specific interventions to deal with gender-based violence in immigrant women in Spain.

[Sociodemographic profile of women affected by intimate partner violence in Spain].

Objective: To determine the prevalence of reported intimate partner violence (IPV) and to analyze the main sociodemographic characteristics of affected women.

Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study based on the Spanish National Health Survey of 2006. The sample comprised 13,094 women who agreed to answer questions about violence (87.

[Gender development inequalities epidemiology in Spain (1990-2000)].

Background: Gender is an important health determinant for public health policies. This study describes the changes in gender development inequalities in Spain and its autonomous regions from 1990 to 2000.

Methods: An ecological study using the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Gender Development Index (GDI) was done.

[Mortality due to intimate partner violence in foreign women living in Spain (1999-2006)].

Objectives: To describe the distribution of mortality due to intimate partner violence (IPV) in foreign women living in Spain and to explore the potentially greater risk of dying from IPV in this group.

Methods: We performed a retrospective ecological study of deaths from IPV registered by the Women's Institute of Spain (1999-2006). Mortality rates and Poisson models for relative risk and 95% confidence intervals were calculated.

[Temporary distribution of reports and murders because of partner violence during the period 1998-2006, Spain].

Background: Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) has received special attention in the spanish political agenda. Despite the importance of developed interventions, empirical evidence about their effectiveness is scarce. The aim of this study is to explore the temporary distribution of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) reports and murders and to identify possible changes in the risk of dying and reporting by IPV from the Spanish law against gender violence of December of 2004.

[The impact of gender inequality on intimate partner violence in Spain].

Objective: To explore the geographical distribution of mortality due to intimate partner violence (IPV) and reports of IPV according to the gender development index (GDI) of Spanish provinces.

Methods: We performed an ecological study, based on GDI by provinces, of deaths from IPV and official complaints of IPV made by women between 1997 and 2004. The sources were the "Report on Human Capital and Human Development in Spain", the "Home Affairs Statistics Yearbook", and the web page of the Federation of Separated and Divorced Women.