Epidemiology of Fractures in Children Younger Than 12 Months.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and characteristics of fractures in young infants attended at the pediatric emergency department (PED).

Methods: This is a retrospective study for 2 years (2011-2012) of children younger than 12 months attended with a fracture at the PED. Age, sex, site and type of fracture, mechanism of injury, time interval before seeking medical attention, and management were analyzed.

Interaction of the LILRB1 inhibitory receptor with HLA class Ia dimers.

Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 1 (LILRB1) has been reported to interact with a wide spectrum of HLA class I (HLA-I) molecules, albeit with different affinities determined by allelic polymorphisms and conformational features. HLA-G dimerization and the presence of intracellular Cys residues in HLA-B7 have been shown to be critical for their recognition by LILRB1. We hypothesized that dimerization of classical HLA class Ia molecules, previously detected in exosomes, might enhance their interaction with LILRB1.

Is pertussis in infants a potential cause of retinal haemorrhages?

Aim: To determine the prevalence of retinal haemorrhages in infants with pertussis infection with the purpose of clarifying the differential diagnosis of the cases of abusive head trauma.

Methods: Prospective study of children aged 15 days to 2 years admitted to our hospital with a diagnosis of pertussis over a period of 4 years (May 2004-May 2008). All children underwent one detailed ophthalmological examination within 72 h of admission.

Type II interleukin-1 receptor expression is reduced in monocytes/macrophages and atherosclerotic lesions.

Type II interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R2) is a non-signaling decoy receptor that negatively regulates the activity of interleukin-1 (IL-1), a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in atherogenesis. In this article we assessed the relevance of IL-1R2 in atherosclerosis by studying its expression in monocytes from hyperlipidemic patients, in THP-1 macrophages exposed to lipoproteins and in human atherosclerotic lesions. Our results showed that the mRNA and protein expression of IL-1R2 was reduced in monocytes from patients with familial combined hyperlipidemia (-30%, p<0.

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2 is induced by thrombin in human macrophages.

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2 (TFPI2) is a serine protease inhibitor critical for the regulation of extracellular matrix remodeling and atherosclerotic plaque stability. Previously, we demonstrated that TFPI2 expression is increased in monocytes from patients with familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCH). To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms responsible for this upregulation, we examined TFPI2 expression in THP-1 macrophages exposed to lipoproteins and thrombin.

Retinal hemorrhages and apparent life-threatening events.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of retinal hemorrhages in apparent life-threatening events (ALTEs) with the purpose of facilitating the differential diagnosis of the cases of nonaccidental head trauma.

Methods: Prospective study on children aged 15 days to 2 years admitted to our hospital with a diagnosis of an ALTE over a period of 2 years (May 2004-May 2006). All the children underwent detailed ophthalmologic examination within 72 hours of admission.

Minor head trauma and linear skull fracture in infants: cranial ultrasound or computed tomography?

Objective: To determine the clinical evolution of children with skull fractures as a result of a minor head trauma from a witnessed accidental fall that have been studied by transfontanellar ultrasound (TFUS).

Methods: Observational study for 2 years (2004-2006) of children up to 1 year of age who suffered a skull fracture after minor head trauma and for whom a TFUS was carried out as the first neuroimaging test to rule out intracranial injuries.

Results: One hundred and twenty-three children were evaluated.

Ritonavir increases CD36, ABCA1 and CYP27 expression in THP-1 macrophages.

Unlabelled: Ritonavir, a protease inhibitor used in combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection, is associated with an increased risk of premature atherosclerosis. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of ritonavir, in the absence of added lipoproteins, on the expression of genes that control cholesterol trafficking in human monocytes/macrophages.

Design: THP-1 cells were used to study the effects of ritonavir on the expression of CD36, ATP binding cassette transporters A1 (ABCA1) and G1 (ABCG1), scavenger receptor B class I (SR-BI), caveolin-1 and sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27).

Monocyte gene-expression profile in men with familial combined hyperlipidemia and its modification by atorvastatin treatment.

Aim: The genetic origin of familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCH) is not well understood. We used microarray profiling of peripheral blood monocytes to search novel genes and pathways involved in FCH.

Methods: Fasting plasma for determination of lipid profiles, inflammatory molecules and adipokines was obtained and peripheral blood monocytes were isolated from male FCH patients basally and after 4 weeks of atorvastatin treatment.

Subdural haematomas and physical abuse in the first two years of life.

Objective: To analyze our institution's work-up for patients with a diagnosis of subdural haematoma (SDH) in order to determine how many of them are secondary to child abuse, as well as to examine their final functional outcome.

Methods: Retrospective review of children under 2 years of age diagnosed as having SDH between 1995 and 2005.

Results: A total of 35 cases were identified.

[Compliance with a culture-based strategy to prevent perinatal Group B streptococcal infection in a third-level hospital].

Protocols for the prevention of group B streptococcal disease are being widely used with proven efficacy. The aim of this study was to assess compliance with a culture-based approach recommending universal culture screening at 35-37 weeks' gestation, established in our hospital. A retrospective cohort study was undertaken from January 2003 to January 2004.

Emergency visits for childhood poisoning: a 2-year prospective multicenter survey in Spain.

Objectives: To describe the characteristics of childhood poisoning leading to consultation to 17 pediatric emergency departments in Spain.

Methods: During a 2-year period (January 2001 to December 2002), accompanying people of 2157 children with acute intoxication who visited consecutively at the emergency room were prospectively surveyed.

Results: Childhood poisoning accounted for 0.

Effects of rosiglitazone and atorvastatin on the expression of genes that control cholesterol homeostasis in differentiating monocytes.

We studied the effects of 5 microM atorvastatin, 2 microM rosiglitazone and their combination on intracellular cholesterol levels and on the expression of genes controlling cholesterol trafficking in human monocytes during their differentiation into macrophages. Our results show that treatment with rosiglitazone caused an increase in CD36 mRNA and protein levels (2.7- and 2.

Hyperlactatemia in human immunodeficiency virus-uninfected infants who are exposed to antiretrovirals.

Objective: Exposure to nucleoside analogues in fetal or early life has been associated with rare clinically significant mitochondrial toxic effects, mainly neurologic symptoms. Lactate (LA) measurements have been used to monitor nucleoside-related mitochondrial toxicity. Our aim was to determine the prevalence, clinical evolution, and risk factors for hyperlactatemia in our cohort of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-uninfected children who were exposed to antiretrovirals.

Hyperlactatemia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children receiving antiretroviral treatment.

Background: Hyperlactatemia and lactic acidosis occur in HIV-infected adults receiving antiretroviral treatment. Our objective was to determine the incidence, course and risk factors for hyperlactatemia in our HIV-infected pediatric patients.

Design: A prospective observational study of venous lactate concentrations during a 28-month period in 80 HIV-infected children, most of whom were receiving antiretrovirals.