The Canadian Lung Outcomes in Users of Vaping Devices (CLOUD) Study: protocol for a prospective, observational cohort study.

Introduction: The rapid growth in popularity of e-cigarettes over the past decade has prompted concerns about their impact on long-term respiratory health. Small airway injury is suspected to be a direct consequence of e-cigarette use and may be quantifiable by novel structural and functional diagnostic modalities.

Methods And Analysis: In a multicentre observational longitudinal study, participants will be enrolled in either an adolescent (ages ≥12 and <19 years) or an adult arm (≥19 years old) and followed over 3 years across three time points (baseline, 18 months and 36 months).

Sex differences in the physiological and perceptual responses to face masks during exercise.

Despite consistent evidence that face masks (FMs) increase dyspnea during exercise, few studies have examined the sex differences in the physiological and perceptual responses to FMs. In a randomized, cross-over design, 32 healthy individuals (16 female;23±3yr) completed incremental cycling tests on two visits with either no mask or a surgical FM. Dyspnea intensity and unpleasantness were assessed using the 0-10 category-ratio Borg scale.

Sex differences in exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia and pulmonary edema following high-intensity exercise in highly trained endurance athletes.

This study investigated sex differences in the development of pulmonary edema and exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH) in well-trained endurance athletes during near-maximal exercise in a real-world setting. Twenty participants (10M vs. 10F; V̇Opeak: 69.

Multidimensional assessment of exertional dyspnea in young healthy males and females who select unsatisfied inspiration at peak exercise.

Historically, it was thought that healthy humans predominantly described their breathing as a sense of increased work or effort (W/E) during maximal exercise. However, emerging data show that many healthy adults select unpleasant dyspnea descriptors such as "unsatisfied inspiration" (UI), with relatively more females selecting UI than males. We hypothesized that males and females who select UI would report higher dyspnea intensity ratings during exercise, select more distressing dyspnea qualities post exercise, and have greater inspiratory constraints than those who do not.

The effects of endurance training on muscle oxygen desaturation during incremental exercise tests: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: Minimum muscle oxygen saturation (SmOmin) measured via near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a common measure during incremental exercise testing (IET). Our objective was to determine the effects of pre-to-post endurance training on SmOmin (ΔSmOmin) during an IET, using a meta-analysis.

Data Sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and SPORTDiscus.

Mexican Hispanics show significant improvement in lung function approximately 1 year after having severe COVID-19.

The long-term effects of COVID-19 on lung function are not understood, especially for periods extending beyond 1 year after infection. This observational, longitudinal study investigated lung function in Mexican Hispanics who experienced severe COVID-19, focusing on how the length of recovery affects lung function improvements. At a specialized COVID-19 follow-up clinic in Yucatan, Mexico, lung function and symptoms were assessed in patients who had recovered from severe COVID-19.

Translating the Interplay of Cognition and Physical Performance in COPD and Interstitial Lung Disease: Meeting Report and Literature Review.

Topic Importance: Cognitive and physical limitations are common in individuals with chronic lung diseases, but their interactions with physical function and activities of daily living are not well characterized. Understanding these interactions and potential contributors may provide insights on disability and enable more tailored rehabilitation strategies.

Review Findings: This review summarizes a 2-day meeting of patient partners, clinicians, researchers, and lung associations to discuss the interplay between cognitive and physical function in people with chronic lung diseases.

The metabolic cost of breathing for exercise ventilations: effects of age and sex.

Given that there are both sex-based structural differences in the respiratory system and age-associated declines in pulmonary function, the purpose of this study was to assess the effects of age and sex on the metabolic cost of breathing (V̇o) for exercise ventilations in healthy younger and older males and females. Forty healthy participants (10 young males 24 ± 3 yr; 10 young females 24 ± 3 yr; 10 older males 63 ± 3 yr, 10 older females 63 ± 6 yr) mimicked their exercise breathing patterns (voluntary hyperpnea) in the absence of exercise across a range of exercise intensities. At peak exercise, V̇o represented a significantly greater fraction of peak oxygen consumption (V̇o) in young females, 12.

Dysanapsis is not associated with exertional dyspnoea in healthy male and female never-smokers aged 40 years and older.

In healthy adults, airway-to-lung (i.e., dysanapsis) ratio is lower and dyspnoea during exercise at a given minute ventilation (V̇) is higher in females than in males.

Comparing the reliability of muscle oxygen saturation with common performance and physiological markers across cycling exercise intensity.

Introduction: Wearable near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measurements of muscle oxygen saturation (SmO) demonstrated good test-retest reliability at rest. We hypothesized SmO measured with the Moxy monitor at the vastus lateralis (VL) would demonstrate good reliability across intensities. For relative reliability, SmO will be lower than volume of oxygen consumption (V̇O) and heart rate (HR), higher than concentration of blood lactate accumulation ([BLa]) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE).

Inflammation associated with lung function abnormalities in COVID-19 survivors.

Background: Activation of inflammatory pathways promotes organ dysfunction in COVID-19. Currently, there are reports describing lung function abnormalities in COVID-19 survivors; however, the biological mechanisms remain unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between serum biomarkers collected during and following hospitalization and pulmonary function in COVID-19 survivors.

The effect of severe intensity bouts on muscle oxygen saturation responses in trained cyclists.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) quantifies muscle oxygenation (SmO) during exercise. Muscle oxygenation response to self-paced, severe-intensity cycling remains unclear. Observing SmO can provide cycling professionals with the ability to assess muscular response, helping optimize decision-making.

Voluntary activation of the diaphragm after inspiratory pressure threshold loading.

After a bout of isolated inspiratory work, such as inspiratory pressure threshold loading (IPTL), the human diaphragm can exhibit a reversible loss in contractile function, as evidenced by a decrease in transdiaphragmatic twitch pressure (P ). Whether or not diaphragm fatigability after IPTL is affected by neural mechanisms, measured through voluntary activation of the diaphragm (D-VA) in addition to contractile mechanisms, is unknown. It is also unknown if changes in D-VA are similar between sexes given observed differences in diaphragm fatigability between males and females.

Effects of hypoxia on exercise-induced diaphragm fatigue in healthy males and females.

Following high-intensity, normoxic exercise there is evidence to show that healthy females, on average, exhibit less fatigue of the diaphragm relative to males. In the present study, we combined hypoxia with exercise to test the hypothesis that males and females would develop a similar degree of diaphragm fatigue following cycle exercise at the same relative exercise intensity. Healthy young participants (n = 10 male; n = 10 female) with a high aerobic capacity (120% predicted) performed two time-to-exhaustion (TTE; ~85% maximum) cycle tests on separate days breathing either a normoxic or hypoxic (FiO  = 0.

Effects of Face Masks on the Multiple Dimensions and Neurophysiological Mechanisms of Exertional Dyspnea.

Introduction: During the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, public health officials widely adopted the use of face masks (FM) to minimize infections. Despite consistent evidence that FMs increase dyspnea, no studies have examined the multidimensional components of dyspnea or their underlying physiological mechanisms.

Methods: In a randomized crossover design, 16 healthy individuals ( n = 9 women, 25 ± 3 yr) completed incremental cycling tests over three visits, where visits 2 and 3 were randomized to either surgical FM or no mask control.

The effect of proportional assist ventilation on the electrical activity of the human diaphragm during exercise.

New Findings: What is the central question of this study? What is the effect of lowering the normally occurring work of breathing on the electrical activity and pressure generated by the diaphragm during submaximal exercise in healthy humans? What is the main finding and its importance? Ventilatory assist during exercise elicits a proportional lowering of both the work performed by the diaphragm and diaphragm electrical activity. These findings have implications for exercise training studies using proportional assist ventilation to reduce diaphragm work in patients with cardiopulmonary disease.

Abstract: We hypothesized that when a proportional assist ventilator (PAV) is applied in order to reduce the pressure generated by the diaphragm, there would be a corresponding reduction in electrical activity of the diaphragm.

Predictors of Expiratory Flow Limitation during Exercise in Healthy Males and Females.

Rationale: It is unclear whether the frequency and mechanisms of expiratory flow limitation (EFL) during exercise differ between males and females.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine which factors predispose individuals to EFL during exercise and whether these factors differ based on sex. We hypothesized that i) EFL frequency would be similar in males and females and ii) in females, EFL would be associated with indices of low ventilatory capacity, whereas in males, EFL would be associated with indices of high ventilatory demand.

Comparing the Respiratory Compensation Point With Muscle Oxygen Saturation in Locomotor and Non-locomotor Muscles Using Wearable NIRS Spectroscopy During Whole-Body Exercise.

The relationship between the muscle deoxygenation breakpoint (Deoxy-BP) measured with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), and the respiratory compensation point (RCP) has been well established. This relationship has also been reported using wearable NIRS, however not in locomotor and non-locomotor muscles simultaneously during whole-body cycling exercise. Our aim was to measure muscle oxygen saturation (SmO) using wearable NIRS sensors, and to compare the Deoxy-BPs at each muscle with RCP during a ramp cycling exercise test.

Cardiorespiratory physiology, exertional symptoms, and psychological burden in post-COVID-19 fatigue.

Fatigue is a common, debilitating, and poorly understood symptom post-COVID-19. We sought to better characterize differences in those with and without post-COVID-19 fatigue using cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Despite elevated dyspnoea intensity ratings, V̇Opeak (ml/kg/min) was the only significant difference in the physiological responses to exercise (19.

Impaired Ventilatory Efficiency, Dyspnea, and Exercise Intolerance in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Results from the CanCOLD Study.

Impaired exercise ventilatory efficiency (high ventilatory requirements for CO [[Formula: see text]e/[Formula: see text]co]) provides an indication of pulmonary gas exchange abnormalities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). To determine ) the association between high [Formula: see text]e/[Formula: see text]co and clinical outcomes (dyspnea and exercise capacity) and its relationship to lung function and structural radiographic abnormalities; and ) its prevalence in a large population-based cohort. Participants were recruited randomly from the population and underwent clinical evaluation, pulmonary function, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, and chest computed tomography.