Two-Dimensional Disposable Graphene Sensor to Detect Na Ions.

The monitoring of Na ions distributed in the body has been indirectly calculated by the detection of Na ions in urine. We fabricated a two-dimensional (2D) Na ion sensor using a graphene ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (G-ISFET) and used fluorinated graphene as a reference electrode (FG-RE). We integrated G-ISFET and FG on a printed circuit board (PCB) designed in the form of a secure digital (SD) card to fabricate a disposable Na ion sensor.

Two-Channel Graphene pH Sensor Using Semi-Ionic Fluorinated Graphene Reference Electrode.

A reference electrode is necessary for the working of ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET)-type sensors in electrolyte solutions. The Ag/AgCl electrode is normally used as a reference electrode. However, the Ag/AgCl reference electrode limits the advantages of the ISFET sensor.

Artificial Differentiation of Hippocampal Neurons by Electrical Stimulation on Graphene Electrode.

Electrical stimulation therapy is a promising method for treating neurological diseases. This method induces the activity and differentiation of nerve cells by the direct or indirect transmission of an electrical signal through biomedical electrodes. We demonstrated the efficacy of a graphene sheet as a bioelectrode to differentiate neurites from hippocampal neuron, through electrical stimulation.