Thermo-chemical conversion kinetics of cannabinoid acids in hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) using pressurized liquid extraction.

Cannabinoid decarboxylation via thermo-chemical conversion has the potential to reduce the cannabinoid degradation and evaporation due to short reaction time and use of water as the solvent. When combined with pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), thermo-chemical conversion can be performed as the first stage in the extraction procedure. PLE utilizes a closed system at elevated temperatures and pressure to increase the solvation power, which contributes to decreased viscosity and increased diffusion rate.

Degeneration of oil bodies by rough endoplasmic reticulum -associated protein during seed germination in .

Oil bodies serve as a vital energy source of embryos during germination and contribute to sustaining the initial growth of seedlings until photosynthesis initiation. Despite high stability in chemical properties, how oil bodies break down and go into the degradation process during germination is still unknown. This study provides a morphological understanding of the mobilization of stored compounds in the seed germination of .

In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Cannabichromene Isolated from Hemp.

Cannabichromene (CBC), a non-psychoactive cannabinoid found in , has recently been shown to possess several medicinal properties. However, how CBC produces anti-inflammatory effects and the mechanisms of this remain poorly studied. Therefore, we extracted and purified the CBC from the cv.

In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Cannabidiol Isolated from Novel Hemp ( L.) Cultivar Pink Pepper.

L. contains more than 80 cannabinoids, among which cannabidiol (CBD) is the main neuroactive component. We aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory efficacy of CBD in vitro and in vivo isolated from "Pink pepper", a novel hemp cultivar, by repeating the method of selecting and cultivating individuals with the highest CBD content.

Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Cannabidiolic Acid from Cannabis Biomass.

Industrial hemp (Cannabis spp.) has many compounds of interest with potential medical benefits. Of these compounds, cannabinoids have come to the center of attention, specifically acidic cannabinoids.

Antioxidant and lipid-reducing effects of root extract in 3T3-L1 cell.

root is traditionally known to be effective in the treatment of diabetes in Korea. root-specific compounds also show antioxidant effects, and could reduce lipid and fat accumulation, however, the underlying mechanism has not been clarified. In present study, the antioxidant and lipid-reducing effects of a 50% ethanol extract of (REE) were investigated differentiated mouse preadipocytes (3T3-L1 cells).

Tobacco Hornworm as an Insect Model System for Cannabinoid Pre-clinical Studies.

With increased attention on cannabinoids in medicine, several mammalian model organisms have been used to elucidate their unknown pharmaceutical functions. However, many difficulties remain in mammalian research, which necessitates the development of non-mammalian model organisms for cannabinoid research. The authors suggest the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta as a novel insect model system.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Blood Transfusion Services: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Introduction: While SARS-CoV-2's main transmission route is through respiratory droplets, research has found that viral RNA could be detected in blood samples, causing concerns over the safety of blood donations and blood products. This paper therefore aims to systematically search for studies that have addressed their country's lack of donations and analyse the risk of blood transfusion-transmission. As such, it will answer the question "should blood services focus more on donation vigilance or worry more about the risks of transmission through blood products?"

Methods: 38 articles were identified through a systematic review adopting the PRISMA and STROBE guidelines.

Employing Aeroponic Systems for the Clonal Propagation of Cannabis.

This protocol describes the standardization of an efficient clonal propagation technique of hemp by utilizing aeroponic systems. Primary shoot cuttings were excised from two hemp varieties, named "Cherry Wine" and "Red Robin" (17-20% w/w CBD), that served as 'mother plant'. An auxin precursor (indole-3-butyric acid) was applied to stimulate root development in the basal portion of the excised cuttings prior to placement in the system.

The Membrane-Bound Protein, MoAfo1, Is Involved in Sensing Diverse Signals from Different Surfaces in the Rice Blast Fungus.

To establish an infection, fungal pathogens must recognize diverse signals from host surfaces. The rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, is one of the best models studying host-pathogen interactions. This fungus recognizes physical or chemical signals from the host surfaces and initiates the development of an infection structure called appressorium.

A PAS-Containing Histidine Kinase is Required for Conidiation, Appressorium Formation, and Disease Development in the Rice Blast Fungus, .

Rice blast disease, caused by the ascomycete fungus , is one of the most important diseases in rice production. PAS (period circadian protein, aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator protein, single-minded protein) domains are known to be involved in signal transduction pathways, but their functional roles have not been well studied in fungi. In this study, targeted gene deletion was carried out to investigate the functional roles of the PAS-containing gene (MGG_02665) in .

Antioxidant and Anti-Obesity Activities of Extract through Alleviation of Lipid Accumulation on 3T3-L1 Adipocytes.

Natural products are widely used due to their various biological activities which include antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-obesity effects. In this study, we determined the antioxidative and anti-obesity effects of 50% ethanol extract (PEE). The antioxidative effect of PEE was evaluated using its radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content, and reducing power.

Optimization of Polyethylene Glycol-Mediated Transformation of the Pepper Anthracnose Pathogen to Develop an Applied Genomics Approach.

is a species complex responsible for anthracnose disease in a wide range of host plants. Strain KC05, which was previously isolated from an infected pepper in Gangwon Province of South Korea, was reidentified as using combined sequence analyses of multiple genes. As a prerequisite for understanding the pathogenic development of the pepper anthracnose pathogen, we optimized the transformation system of KC05.

Encoding a Ran-Binding Protein Microtubule-Organizing Center Is Required for Asexual Reproduction and Infection in the Rice Blast Pathogen .

Like many fungal pathogens, the conidium and appressorium play key roles during polycyclic dissemination and infection of . Ran-binding protein microtubule-organizing center (RanBPM) is a highly conserved nucleocytoplasmic protein. In animalia, RanBPM has been implicated in apoptosis, cell morphology, and transcription.

A New Record and Characterization of Asparagus Purple Spot Caused by in Korea.

In 2017, small, elliptical, brownish purple spots on spears and ferns of asparagus were found in fields of Gangwon-do. The isolated fungal species was identified as an ascomycete based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenic analyses including nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and cytochrome b (cytb). A pathogenicity test revealed that was the causal agent of purple spot disease on asparagus.

Enhanced Tolerance of Chinese Cabbage Seedlings Mediated by H26-2 and H30-3 against High Temperature Stress and Fungal Infections.

Two rhizobacteria H26-2 and H30-3 were evaluated whether they are involved in stress tolerance against drought and high temperature as well as fungal infections in Chinese cabbage plants. Chinese cabbage seedlings cv. Ryeokgwang (spring cultivar) has shown better growth compared to cv.

A Small GTPase RHO2 Plays an Important Role in Pre-infection Development in the Rice Blast Pathogen .

The rice blast pathogen is a global threat to rice production. Here we characterized gene () that belongs to the Rho GTPase family, using a deletion mutant. This mutant exhibited no defects in conidiation and germination but developed only 6% of appressoria in response to a hydrophobic surface when compared to the wild-type progenitor.

Distinct roles of the YPEL gene family in development and pathogenicity in the ascomycete fungus Magnaporthe oryzae.

Members of the Yippee-like (YPEL) gene family are highly conserved in eukaryotes and are homologous to the Drosophila yippee gene. In this study, we functionally characterized two YPEL-homologous genes, MoYPEL1 and MoYPEL2, in the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae using the deletion mutants ΔMoypel1, ΔMoypel2, and ΔΔMoypel1,2. The MoYPEL1 deletion mutant was significantly defective in conidiation and unable to undergo appressorium development; however, deletion of MoYPEL2 resulted in a significant increase in conidiation and the abnormal development of two appressoria per conidium.

Antagonistic Evaluation of sp. JH7 for Biological Control of Ginseng Root Rot Caused by .

is an ascomycete soil-borne pathogen that causes ginseng root rot. To identify effective biocontrol agents, we isolated several bacteria from ginseng cultivation soil and evaluated their antifungal activity. Among the isolated bacteria, one isolate (named JH7) was selected for its high antibiotic activity and was further examined for antagonism against fungal pathogens.

Whole genome sequence and genome annotation of Colletotrichum acutatum, causal agent of anthracnose in pepper plants in South Korea.

Colletotrichum acutatum is a destructive fungal pathogen which causes anthracnose in a wide range of crops. Here we report the whole genome sequence and annotation of C. acutatum strain KC05, isolated from an infected pepper in Kangwon, South Korea.

The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the ascomycete plant pathogen Colletotrichum acutatum.

Collectotrichum acutatum is a fungal plant pathogen that causes pre- and post-harvest anthracnose on a wide range of plants worldwide. The complete mitochondrial genome of C. acutatum has been determined for the first time.

Role of the MoYAK1 protein kinase gene in Magnaporthe oryzae development and pathogenicity.

Conidiation and appressorium differentiation are key processes for polycyclic dissemination and infection in many pathogens. Our previous study using DNA microarray led to the discovery of the MoYAK1 gene in Magnaporthe oryzae that is orthologous to YAK1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although the mechanistic roles of YAK1 in S.

Antagonistic Activities of Bacillus spp. Strains Isolated from Tidal Flat Sediment Towards Anthracnose Pathogens Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides in South Korea.

Anthracnose is a fungal disease caused by Colletotrichum species that is detrimental to numerous plant species. Anthracnose control with fungicides has both human health and environmental safety implications. Despite increasing public concerns, fungicide use will continue in the absence of viable alternatives.