Clinical Utility of Deep Learning Assistance for Detecting Various Abnormal Findings in Color Retinal Fundus Images: A Reader Study.

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical usefulness of a deep learning-based detection device for multiple abnormal findings on retinal fundus photographs for readers with varying expertise.

Methods: Fourteen ophthalmologists (six residents, eight specialists) assessed 399 fundus images with respect to 12 major ophthalmologic findings, with or without the assistance of a deep learning algorithm, in two separate reading sessions. Sensitivity, specificity, and reading time per image were compared.

Development of Two Korean IACUC Guidance Documents to Foster Implementation of the Three Rs.

In Korea, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs) have been legally required to apply the Three Rs principles (i.e. , and ) and undertake the ethical review of animal study protocols, since 2008.

An interpretable and interactive deep learning algorithm for a clinically applicable retinal fundus diagnosis system by modelling finding-disease relationship.

The identification of abnormal findings manifested in retinal fundus images and diagnosis of ophthalmic diseases are essential to the management of potentially vision-threatening eye conditions. Recently, deep learning-based computer-aided diagnosis systems (CADs) have demonstrated their potential to reduce reading time and discrepancy amongst readers. However, the obscure reasoning of deep neural networks (DNNs) has been the leading cause to reluctance in its clinical use as CAD systems.

Comparison of Optical Coherence Tomography Biomarkers between Bevacizumab Good Responders and Nonresponders Who were Switched to Dexamethasone Implant in Diabetic Macular Edema.

Purpose: To compare volumetric optical coherence tomography (OCT) biomarkers in bevacizumab responsive and bevacizumab refractory diabetic macular edema (DME) patients switched to the dexamethasone implant to ultimately identify possible prognostic indicators.

Methods: Retrospective analysis of DME patients treated with bevacizumab were done. Patients were divided into those who showed response to bevacizumab (bevacizumab only group) and others who were switched to the dexamethasone implant due to lack of response to bevacizumab (switching group).

Induction of liver transplant immune tolerance in an outbred rat strain model using tacrolimus.

Background: Orthotopic liver transplantation is the only option for patients with end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Post-transplant immunosuppressive therapy is important to prevent graft failure. We investigated the effectiveness of tacrolimus (FK506) and their mechanisms for liver transplant immune tolerance in an outbred rat LT model.

Sequential structural and functional change in geographic atrophy on multimodal imaging in non-exudative age-related macular degeneration.

Purpose: To investigate the temporal order of photoreceptor atrophy, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) atrophy and visual acuity loss in patients with center-involving geographic atrophy (GA) in non-exudative age-related macular degeneration (neAMD).

Methods: Forty eyes of 25 consecutive patients who eventually developed center-involving GA were investigated. Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) and infrared image coupled optical coherence tomography (OCT) were acquired at each visit.

Assessment of Risk Factors Affecting Refractive Outcomes after Phacovitrectomy for Epiretinal Membrane.

Purpose: To investigate factors associated with refractive outcomes after phacovitrectomy for epiretinal membrane (ERM).

Methods: Retrospective review of patients undergoing phacovitrectomy for ERM was done. The main outcome measure was predictive refraction error (PE), defined as observed refraction error - target refraction error, calculated by the SRK/T, Haigis, and SRK II formulae.

Evaluation of changes for sebum, skin pore, texture, and redness before and after sleep in oily and nonoily skin.

Background: People whose skin type is oily have experienced an esthetic and hygienic discomfort due to the excessive secretion of the sebum during the day and night time, and therefore sebum control is required. In this study, we aimed to find out whether the skin status between the oily and nonoily skin indicates a significant difference before and after sleep.

Materials And Methods: Forty Korean males and females whose skin type was oily or nonoily participated in this study.

Comparative risk of blindness and vision-threatening ocular comorbidities in patients with Behçet's disease versus the general population.

Objective: To compare the risk of blindness and vision-threatening ocular comorbidities in patients with Behçet's disease (BD) vs the general population.

Methods: Using 2002-2017 Korea National Health Insurance Service database, we did a population-based cohort study comparing newly diagnosed BD patients and age- and sex-matched non-BD controls at a 1:5 ratio. The primary outcome was blindness, defined as a best-corrected visual acuity of ≤20/500 in the better-seeing eye.

Endotracheal intubation in rabbits using a video laryngoscope with a modified blade.

Rabbits are being increasingly used as companion animals, and in research; thus, the need for proper veterinary care for rabbits has increased. Surgical access is more challenging in rabbits under inhalation anesthesia compared to other animals, such as dogs and cats. Rabbits have a very narrow and deep oral cavity, large incisors, and a large tongue.

Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thinning in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy.

Objectives: To investigate peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) changes in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP).

Methods: We included 21 PSP patients (36 eyes) who underwent peripapillary optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans at 2.5 ± 1.

Embryonic stem cell-derived photoreceptor precursor cells differentiated by coculture with RPE cells.

Purpose: To describe the derivation of photoreceptor precursor cells from human embryonic stem cells by coculture with RPE cells.

Methods: Human embryonic stem cells were induced to differentiate into neural precursor cells and then cocultured with RPE cells to obtain cells showing retinal photoreceptor features. Immunofluorescent staining, reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), and microarray analysis were performed to identify photoreceptor markers, and a cGMP assay was used for in vitro functional analysis.

Microbial diagnosis of endophthalmitis using nanopore amplicon sequencing.

Objectives: We investigated whether nanopore amplicon sequencing of aqueous humor was capable of rapid pathogen identification in infectious endophthalmitis.

Methods: 5 cases of culture-positive bacterial endophthalmitis and 3 cases of fungal endophthalmitis (1 culture-positive and 2 presumed) were included. DNA was extracted from the aqueous humor and vitreous specimen, and PCR of bacterial rDNA (16S) and fungal rDNA (ITS1 and D1/2/3) was performed.

Efficacy of bevacizumab for vitreous haemorrhage in proliferative diabetic retinopathy with prior complete panretinal photocoagulation.

Purpose: To investigate the efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab injections (IVBs) for vitreous haemorrhage (VH) in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) with prior complete panretinal photocoagulation (PRP).

Methods: A multicentre cohort study of eyes with new VH in PDR after documented previous complete PRP was performed. Eyes were grouped according to IVB treatment at baseline, and cumulative rate of vitrectomy and spontaneous clear-up rate were compared as the main outcome.

Predicting High Coronary Artery Calcium Score From Retinal Fundus Images With Deep Learning Algorithms.

Purpose: To evaluate high accumulation of coronary artery calcium (CAC) from retinal fundus images with deep learning technologies as an inexpensive and radiation-free screening method.

Methods: Individuals who underwent bilateral retinal fundus imaging and CAC score (CACS) evaluation from coronary computed tomography scans on the same day were identified. With this database, performances of deep learning algorithms (inception-v3) to distinguish high CACS from CACS of 0 were evaluated at various thresholds for high CACS.

Association of Cardiovascular Mortality and Deep Learning-Funduscopic Atherosclerosis Score derived from Retinal Fundus Images.

Purpose: The prediction of atherosclerosis using retinal fundus images and deep learning has not been shown possible. The purpose of this study was to develop a deep learning model which predicted atherosclerosis by using retinal fundus images and to verify its clinical implications by conducting a retrospective cohort analysis.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Contrast sensitivity impairment in drug-naïve Parkinson's disease patients associates with early cognitive decline.

Objectives: To investigate the contrast sensitivity function in drug-naïve Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and its predictive value with longitudinal follow-up data.

Methods: We included newly diagnosed non-demented PD patients who performed contrast sensitivity test between 2013 and 2014. Contrast sensitivity function at drug-naïve state in PD patients was compared with age-matched normal control data of our center.

Retina thickness as a marker of neurodegeneration in prodromal lewy body disease.

Objectives: We investigated retinal change and its relationship with neurodegeneration markers in a prodromal Parkinson cohort.

Methods: A total of 30 patients with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder were recruited. Participants underwent olfactory testing, macular optical coherence tomography, microperimetry, contrast sensitivity test, and brain N-(3-[ F]fluoropropyl)-2-carbomethoxy-3-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane positron emission tomography.

Development and Validation of Deep Learning Models for Screening Multiple Abnormal Findings in Retinal Fundus Images.

Purpose: To develop and evaluate deep learning models that screen multiple abnormal findings in retinal fundus images.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Participants: For the development and testing of deep learning models, 309 786 readings from 103 262 images were used.

Intraocular Pressure (IOP) Change and Frequency of IOP Spike After Cataract Surgery in Normal-tension Glaucoma: A Case-Control Study.

Purpose: To evaluate the early-postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) changes and frequency of IOP spike after cataract surgery in normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) eyes and to compare them with those of nonglaucomatous eyes.

Materials And Methods: This was a case-control study. We reviewed the medical records of patients who had undergone cataract surgery.

A Novel Fundus Image Reading Tool for Efficient Generation of a Multi-dimensional Categorical Image Database for Machine Learning Algorithm Training.

Background: We described a novel multi-step retinal fundus image reading system for providing high-quality large data for machine learning algorithms, and assessed the grader variability in the large-scale dataset generated with this system.

Methods: A 5-step retinal fundus image reading tool was developed that rates image quality, presence of abnormality, findings with location information, diagnoses, and clinical significance. Each image was evaluated by 3 different graders.