Recurrence of Subepithelial Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Following Transurethral Resection: A Case Report.

Transurethral resection (TUR) is the gold standard treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancers. Recurrence occurs in approximately half of the patients with bladder cancer after initial TUR. Most recurrent bladder cancers present as polypoid masses with intraluminal growth originating from the mucosa.

The Value of Low Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) Scores in Preventing Unnecessary Prostate Biopsies.

: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) have become essential tools for prostate cancer evaluation. We evaluated the ability of PI-RADS scores in identifying significant prostate cancer, which would help avoid unnecessary prostate biopsies. : Patients with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels ≤ 20 ng/mL, who underwent prostate MRI for evaluation from January 2018 to November 2019, were analyzed.

A Case of Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis with Nephropleural Fistula Formation: Role of MRI in Diagnosis and Treatment.

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is a rare type of chronic bacterial nephritis, which rarely involves the invasion of adjacent organs or the formation of fistulas due to tissue-destructive granulomatous reactions. Although the invasions of various adjacent organs have been reported in several cases of XGP, MRI data on their features are limited. MRI has a better soft-tissue resolution than CT.

Small testes: clinical characteristics and ultrasonographic findings.

The purpose of this pictorial essay is to describe the ultrasonographic and clinical findings of patients with small testes due to a wide range of causes. We retrospectively reviewed the ultrasonographic and clinical findings of various causes of small testes. We present various causes of small testes on ultrasonography including Klinefelter syndrome, testicular torsion, mumps orchitis, inguinal hernia, cryptorchidism, varicocele, and trauma.

Mechanism of metastasis to the spermatic cord and testis from advanced gastric cancer: a case report.

Background: The spermatic cord and testis are very rare sites for metastasis from gastric cancer. Although several mechanisms have been suggested to explain this unusual metastasis, the actual mechanism remains unclear. We report a case of right spermatic cord and testicular metastasis, review its imaging findings, and suggest a mechanism of tumor spread.

Testicular atrophy after mumps orchitis: ultrasonographic findings.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the ultrasonographic findings of testicular atrophy after mumps orchitis.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the case files of eight patients (14 to 24 years old; mean, 17 years) with mumps orchitis and testicular atrophy who were treated between January 2011 and September 2017. On gray-scale and color Doppler, the ultrasonographic features of volume, shape, echogenicity, and degree of blood flow in the testes were analyzed as part of both initial and follow-up ultrasonography.

Granulomatous Prostatitis Mimicking Prostate Cancer.

Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging plays an important role in the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer. However, there is some overlap between prostate cancer and granulomatous prostatitis. We describe the imaging features of granulomatous prostatitis, which frequently mimics prostate cancer, and differential diagnosis between these conditions according to Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) version.

Beyond Born-Rytov limit for super-resolution optical diffraction tomography.

Optical diffraction tomography (ODT) using Born or Rytov approximation suffers from severe distortions in reconstructed refractive index (RI) tomograms when multiple scattering occurs or the scattering signals are strong. These effects are usually seen as a significant impediment to the application of ODT because multiple scattering is directly linked to an unknown object itself rather than a surrounding medium, and a strong scatter invalidates the underlying assumptions of the Born and Rytov approximations. The focus of this article is to demonstrate for the first time that multiple scattering and high material contrast, if handled aptly, can significantly improve the image quality of the ODT thanks to multiple scattering inside a sample.

Sonography of Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases: Correlation With Computed Tomographic Findings and Endoscopy.

Sonographic evaluation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract may be difficult because of overlying intraluminal bowel gas and gas-related artifacts. However, in the absence of these factors and with the development of high-resolution scanners and the technical experience of radiologists, sonography can become a powerful tool for GI tract assessment. This pictorial essay focuses on sonographic findings of GI tract lesions compared with endoscopic, computed tomographic, and magnetic resonance imaging findings.

Sonography of Abdominal Wall Masses and Masslike Lesions: Correlation With Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Sonography is usually regarded as a first-line imaging modality for masses and masslike lesions in the abdominal wall. A dynamic study focusing on a painful area or palpable mass and the possibility of ultrasound-guided aspiration or biopsy are the major advantages of sonography. On the other hand, cross-sectional imaging clearly shows anatomy of the abdominal wall; thereby, it is valuable for diagnosing and evaluating the extent of diseases.

Comparative study of iterative reconstruction algorithms for missing cone problems in optical diffraction tomography.

In optical tomography, there exist certain spatial frequency components that cannot be measured due to the limited projection angles imposed by the numerical aperture of objective lenses. This limitation, often called as the missing cone problem, causes the under-estimation of refractive index (RI) values in tomograms and results in severe elongations of RI distributions along the optical axis. To address this missing cone problem, several iterative reconstruction algorithms have been introduced exploiting prior knowledge such as positivity in RI differences or edges of samples.

Distribution of Epididymal Involvement in Mumps Epididymo-orchitis.

Objectives: To evaluate characteristic sonographic findings for mumps orchitis with epididymal involvement.

Methods: This study included 18 patients (aged 12-18 years) with mumps orchitis. We assessed the volume, echogenicity, and vascularity of the testes and the transverse diameter, echogenicity, and vascularity of the epididymal head, body, and tail.

Ultrasonographic diagnosis of ovary-containing hernias of the canal of Nuck.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe the ultrasonographic findings of ovary-containing hernias of the canal of Nuck.

Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of 22 hernia cases of the canal of Nuck. The following gray scale and color Doppler ultrasonographic features were analyzed: the site and the size of the hernia, the texture of the hernia contents, and the presence or absence of blood flow in the hernia contents.

Preoperative factors predictive of continence recovery after radical retropubic prostatectomy.

Purpose: We assessed the factors predictive of continence recovery after radical retropubic prostatectomy performed by use a single operative technique by a single surgeon.

Materials And Methods: Preoperative factors, including age, body mass index (BMI), prostate volume, prostate-specific antigen level, and anatomical information from preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), such as membranous urethral length, thickness of the levator ani muscle, and urogenital diaphragm, were evaluated in 94 consecutive patients who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy between April 2005 and October 2010. Patients were also categorized into four different groups according to the overlying pattern of the prostatic apex and the membranous urethra.

Interval changes of an extrauterine adenomyoma on magnetic resonance imaging.

Extrauterine adenomyomas are rare tumors that present as uterus-like masses. Uterine adenomyomas can show interval changes according to hormone status. However, interval changes in imaging studies have not been reported in adenomyomas.

Sonographic findings of acute vasitis.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe the sonographic findings of acute vasitis.

Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of 12 cases of acute vasitis. The following gray scale and color Doppler sonographic features were analyzed: location, echogenicity of the lesion, presence of hydrocele, epididymal involvement, and blood flow within the lesion.

Sonographic findings of inguinal endometriosis.

Objective: The purpose of this series was to describe the sonographic findings of inguinal endometriosis.

Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of 3 cases of inguinal endometriosis. The following gray scale and color Doppler sonographic features were analyzed: size, shape, echogenicity, and blood flow within inguinal endometriosis.

Multidetector computed tomography findings and correlations with proteinuria in nutcracker syndrome.

We evaluated the effectiveness of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) as a diagnostic tool for nutcracker syndrome (NS) and its association with proteinuria. The angle and distance between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), the degree of difference in corticomedullary enhancement (DCE) between kidneys in the nephrographic phase of computed tomography, peak velocity ratio (PVR), and anteroposterior diameter ratio (APDR) in the sonogram were measured. The MDCT results, sonogram results, and the ratio of protein:creatinine were significantly different between NS patients and the controls.

Leiomyosarcoma of the vagina: MR findings.

We report the magnetic resonance imaging findings of a case of vaginal leiomyosarcoma. The lesion was demonstrated as a well-defined heterogeneously hyperintense mass within the vagina on T2-weighted images and was demonstrated as a hypointense mass on T1-weighted images. The mass showed irregular enhancement on fat-suppressed T1-weighted images after administration of gadopentate dimeglumine.

Multidetector computed tomography in the preoperative workup of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma is associated with a dismal prognosis; however, curative resection may offer a chance of cure. Various factors should be considered in the surgical planning for curative resection. These factors include extent of bile duct involvement, relationship between portal vein and tumor involvement, diffuse hepatoduodenal ligament infiltration, vascular invasion, lymph node metastasis, peritoneal seeding, and hepatic volume.

Computed tomography appearances of various complications associated with pancreatic pseudocysts.

Most pancreatic pseudocysts are common complications of acute or chronic pancreatitis. They usually occur within the pancreas or in peripancreatic tissues, and are visualized as round or oval fluid collections with thin or thick walls on computed tomography (CT) scans. However, pancreatic pseudocysts are often combined with various complications, e.

Exophytic adenocarcinoma of the stomach: computed tomography and ultrasonography features with emphasis on differentiation from a malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumor.

The purpose of this study was to assess the computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography (US) findings from cases of exophytic adenocarcinoma of the stomach (EAS) and to determine their value in distinguishing between an EAS and a malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumor (MST). US and CT findings of EAS and MST were assessed retrospectively. Antral location, thickening of the gastric wall adjacent to an exogastric mass, lymph node enlargement, and discordant images between US and CT are typical of EAS cases and allow distinction between cases of EAS and MST.

Exophytic benign and malignant hepatic tumors: CT imaging features.

Our objective is to describe the CT features of exophytic hepatic tumors those may pose a diagnostic challenge because of the uncertainty of tumor origin. The beak sign and the feeding artery of a tumor are useful diagnostic indicators of exophytic hepatic tumors. Two- or three-dimensional reformation images are also helpful for diagnosis.

CT of serous cystadenoma of the pancreas and mimicking masses.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to illustrate the varied CT appearances of serous cystadenoma of the pancreas and of masses that mimic serous cystadenoma.

Conclusion: Serous cystadenomas of the pancreas have a wide range of CT findings. Familiarity with the varied CT appearances and awareness of the diagnostic limitations of CT are important for accurate diagnosis and management of serous cystadenoma of the pancreas.