Modeling, challenges, and strategies for understanding impacts of climate extremes (droughts and floods) on water quality in Asia: A review.

The increasing frequency and intensity of extreme climate events are among the most expected and recognized consequences of climate change. Prediction of water quality parameters becomes more challenging with these extremes since water quality is strongly related to hydro-meteorological conditions and is particularly sensitive to climate change. The evidence linking the influence of hydro-meteorological factors on water quality provides insights into future climatic extremes.

Relationship of the lobular branch of the great auricular nerve to the tympanoparotid fascia: Spatial anatomy for salvage during face and neck lift.

To enable selection of a safer suspension site to use in face and neck lifting procedures, the spatial relationship between the tympanoparotid fascia and the great auricular nerve should be clarified. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the position of the tympanoparotid fascia and the pathway of the lobular branch of the great auricular nerve traversing the tympanoparotid fascia. Twenty hemifaces from non-preserved bequeathed Korean cadavers (5 males, 7 females; mean age, 77.

Anatomical and ultrasound-based injections for sunken upper eyelid correction.

Background: A needle or a cannula can be safely used during filler injection procedures to correct a sunken upper eyelid. To date, there are no precise injection points recommended that are based on an anatomical study.

Objective: This study systematically investigated the vascular pattern and depth of forehead arteries at the periorbital area of upper eyelid.

Quantitative Analysis of Paralyzed Lower Eyelid Elevation Technique: Suspension Sling versus Supporting Midcheek Lift.

Background: Restoration of paralytic lower eyelid retraction is challenging in the surgical management of facial paralysis. In this study, quantitative measurements were compared between the suspension sling and lower eyelid-supporting midcheek lift techniques.

Methods: From 2014 to 2016, 36 operations were performed on 28 patients with a mean age of 45.

Ultrasound evaluation of arterial anastomosis of the forehead.

Background: Color Doppler ultrasound has a potential role as an imaging guide in aiding filler injections which are blinded procedures.

Objective: This study investigated the forehead arteries and provided insight into their anastomoses. This was performed by challenging their function to provide blood through these anastomoses when the main artery was temporary occluded by compression.

Review of the Nomenclature of the Retaining Ligaments of the Cheek: Frequently Confused Terminology.

Since the time of its inception within facial anatomy, wide variability in the terminology as well as the location and extent of retaining ligaments has resulted in confusion over nomenclature. Confusion over nomenclature also arises with regard to the subcutaneous ligamentous attachments, and in the anatomic location and extent described, particularly for zygomatic and masseteric ligaments. Certain historical terms-McGregor's patch, the platysma auricular ligament, parotid cutaneous ligament, platysma auricular fascia, temporoparotid fasica (Lore's fascia), anterior platysma-cutaneous ligament, and platysma cutaneous ligament-delineate retaining ligaments of related anatomic structures that have been conceptualized in various ways.

Temple and Postauricular Dissection in Face and Neck Lift Surgery.

Periauricular paresthesia may afflict patients for a significant amount of time after facelift surgery. When performing face and neck lift surgery, temple and posterior auricular flap dissection is undertaken directly over the auriculotemporal, great auricular, and lesser occipital nerve territory, leading to potential damage to the nerve. The auriculotemporal nerve remains under the thin outer superficial fascia just below the subfollicular level in the prehelical area.

Asian Facial Rejuvenation by Extended SMAS Facelift Technique.

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Electrochemical Fabrication of Nanostructures on Porous Silicon for Biochemical Sensing Platforms.

We present a method for the electrochemical patterning of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) or silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on porous silicon, and explore their applications in: (1) the quantitative analysis of hydroxylamine as a chemical sensing electrode and (2) as a highly sensitive surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate for Rhodamine 6G. For hydroxylamine detection, AuNPs-porous silicon can enhance the electrochemical oxidation of hydroxylamine. The current changed linearly for concentrations ranging from 100 μM to 1.

Enhancement of osseointegration of artificial ligament by nano-hydroxyapatite and bone morphogenic protein-2 into the rabbit femur.

The MTT assay showed that the cell proliferation on hydroxyapatite (HAp) and HAp/bone morphogenic protein (BMP) coated group was better than the control and BMP coated groups at 5 days. And after 7 days of culture, the mRNA expression levels of type I collagen, osteonectin, osteopontin, bonesialoprotein, BMP-2, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Runx-2 in the HAp/BMP coated group were significantly higher than the other groups. Also, in this group showed the most significant induction of osteogenic gene expression compared to mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) grown on the other groups.

Clinical Implications of the Extension of Platysmal Fibers on the Middle and Lower Face.

Background: Despite the area of insertion of the facial portion of the platysma being broad and highly variable, the details of its pattern of extension and morphology are not well described in the medical literature. The aim of this study was to clarify the extension patterns of the platysma on the middle and lower face by topographic examination and detailed dissection.

Methods: A detailed dissection was performed in the cheek region of 34 cadaveric specimens.

Large-scale plasma patterning of transparent graphene electrode on flexible substrates.

Graphene, a two-dimensional carbon material, has attracted significant interest for applications in flexible electronics as an alternative transparent electrode to indium tin oxide. However, it still remains a challenge to develop a simple, reproducible, and controllable fabrication technique for producing homogeneous large-scale graphene films and creating uniform patterns with desired shapes at defined positions. Here, we present a simple route to scalable fabrication of flexible transparent graphene electrodes using an oxygen plasma etching technique in a capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) system.

Tip extension suture: a new tool tailored for Asian rhinoplasty.

Background: Recent changes in the release and rebuilding of the tripod structure during Asian rhinoplasty have allowed for additional lengthening and rotation of the nasal tip. To rebuild the nasal tip framework, we used the tip extension suture technique alone or in combination with other procedures. A retrospective, longitudinal study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the tip extension suture technique for use in Asian rhinoplasty.

Surgical consideration of the anatomic origin of the risorius in relation to facial planes.

Background: Confusion exists as to the plane of the risorius with respect to the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS), the parotid fascia, and the masseteric fascia, which generally are considered origins of the risorius.

Objectives: The authors attempted to clarify the origin of the risorius by topographic examination and dissection, which would provide valuable anatomic information for flap dissection in facelift surgery.

Methods: Detailed dissection was performed in the perioral region of 46 cadaveric specimens to discern the origin of the risorius in relation to the fascial layer.

Effective septal extension graft for asian rhinoplasty.

Background: This study aimed at overcoming the disadvantages of septal extension grafts and keeping the nasal tip as natural as possible by using different forms of the graft and additional supporting methods depending on the case.

Methods: Among 458 patients who received a septal extension graft from March 2008 to September 2011, 107 patients were selected who underwent at least a 6-month follow-up. Patients were categorized according to the primary objective of the operation; an upturned tip correction or tip lengthening, tip lengthening with tip projection, or retracted columella correction.

New classification for correction of alar retraction using the alar spreader graft.

Background: Identifying the cause of alar retraction is essential for proper correction of this deformity. In secondary surgery, aimed primarily at cephalic orientation and medialization of the lateral crus, corrections involving spreading and lateralization of the lateral crus can achieve a more horizontal orientation. In their clinic, the authors have practiced the use of an alar spreader graft to support the spread of the lateral crus.

The comparative evaluation of expanded national immunization policies in Korea using an analytic hierarchy process.

The purpose of this paper is to propose new evaluation criteria and an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model to assess the expanded national immunization programs (ENIPs) and to evaluate two alternative health care policies. One of the alternative policies is that private clinics and hospitals would offer free vaccination services to children and the other of them is that public health centers would offer these free vaccination services. Our model to evaluate the ENIPs was developed using brainstorming, Delphi techniques, and the AHP model.