Glia-like taste cells mediate an intercellular mode of peripheral sweet adaptation.

The sense of taste generally shows diminishing sensitivity to prolonged sweet stimuli, referred to as sweet adaptation. Yet, its mechanistic landscape remains incomplete. Here, we report that glia-like type I cells provide a distinct mode of sweet adaptation via intercellular crosstalk with chemosensory type II cells.

Lower hepatotoxicity risk in Xelaglifam, a novel GPR40 agonist, compared to Fasiglifam for type 2 diabetes therapy.

Fasiglifam, a candidate targeting GPR40, showed efficacy in clinical trials for type 2 diabetes but exerted liver toxicity. This study investigated the drug-induced liver injury (DILI) risk of Xelaglifam, a new GPR40 agonist, based on the potential toxicity mechanism of Fasiglifam; transporter inhibition, mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive metabolite formation, and covalent binding to proteins. In the hepatobiliary transporter assay, Xelaglifam showed a broader safety margin (>10-fold) against bile acid transporters, suggesting its less likelihood to cause bile acids accumulation, unlike Fasiglifam (<10-fold safety margin).

Xelaglifam, a novel GPR40/FFAR1 agonist, exhibits enhanced β-arrestin recruitment and sustained glycemic control for type 2 diabetes.

Xelaglifam, developed as a GPR40/FFAR1 agonist, induces glucose-dependent insulin secretion and reduces circulating glucose levels for Type 2 diabetes treatment. This study investigated the effects of Xelaglifam in comparison with Fasiglifam on the in vitro/in vivo anti-diabetic efficacy and selectivity, and the mechanistic basis. In vitro studies on downstream targets of Xelaglifam were performed in GPR40-expressing cells.

Aerosol radiative forcing of forest fires unprecedented in South Korea (2022) captured by Korean geostationary satellites, GK-2A AMI and GK-2B GEMS.

The worst forest fires in Korean history broke out on March 4, 2022 and lasted for ten days. In order to monitor the catastrophic forest fires, Geostationary Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite (GK)-2 A Advanced Meteorological Imager (AMI) and GK-2B Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS) data were used in this study. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) irretrievable for the biomass-burning aerosols produced with water vapor classified as could-contaminated, was reconstructed by ultraviolet aerosol index (UVAI).

Temporal Changes in Demography and Genetic Diversity of Oriental Storks at the Stage of Long-Term Captive Propagation and Reintroduction Initiation.

Captive propagation and reintroduction are the major steps in the ex-situ conservation of locally extirpated endangered species in a historical region. In a species restoration project conducted in South Korea, we examined temporal changes in demographics and genetic diversity of oriental storks (). Demographic and genetic data from 1996-2018 were analyzed for 80% of all captive and recently reintroduced individuals.

Findings on In Vitro Transporter-Mediated Drug Interactions and Their Follow-Up Actions for Labeling: Analysis of Drugs Approved by US FDA between 2017 and 2021.

Understanding possible follow-up actions on in vitro findings helps determine the necessity of labeling for drug interactions. We analyzed information for in vitro findings on transporter-mediated interactions of drugs approved by the U.S.

The influencing factors for distribution patterns of resident and migrant bird species richness along elevational gradients.

The latitudinal and elevational patterns of species richness of resident and migrant birds have been of interest to researchers over the past few decades, and various hypotheses have been proposed to explain the factors that may affect these patterns. This study aimed to shed light on the elevational distribution patterns of resident and migrant bird species richness by examining biotic and abiotic factors such as climate, and habitat heterogeneity using a piecewise structural equation model (pSEM). The overall pattern of resident species richness showed a decreasing trend with increasing elevation, whereas that of migrant species richness showed an increasing trend.

Estimation of spatially continuous daytime particulate matter concentrations under all sky conditions through the synergistic use of satellite-based AOD and numerical models.

Satellite-derived aerosol optical depth (AOD) products are one of main predictors to estimate ground-level particulate matter (PM and PM) concentrations. Since AOD products, however, are only provided under high-quality conditions, missing values usually exist in areas such as clouds, cloud shadows, and bright surfaces. In this study, spatially continuous AOD and subsequent PM and PM concentrations were estimated over East Asia using satellite- and model-based data and auxiliary data in a Random Forest (RF) approach.

Does Nest Predation Influence Colony Movements of Saunders's Gulls (Saundersilarus saundersi) in a Reclaimed Land Area?

Some seabirds commonly use artificially reclaimed lands, which are frequently located next to mainland environments, for breeding. Nest predation risk caused by birds or mammals from the mainland has negative influence on fitness-related costs and distribution of seabirds. Here, we sought to link potential factors, specifically those related to nest predation and nest environment, with breeding performance and colony movements of the Saunders's gull (Saundersilarus saundersi), a vulnerable species, on a large reclaimed area (1350 ha) in Incheon in Republic of Korea.

The Probiotic, ID-JPL934, Attenuates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice Through Inhibition of Proinflammatory Cytokines Expression.

Despite the increasing prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), classified as immune-mediated disorders, the exact biological mechanisms leading to its development are undetermined, and treatment strategies remain elusive. Probiotics have been proposed as potential alternatives for treating IBD. The purpose of this research was to find therapeutic candidates of probiotics for colitis.

Effects of ID-CBT5101 in Preventing and Alleviating Osteoarthritis Symptoms in a Monosodium Iodoacetate-Induced Rat Model.

Osteoarthritis is a disease that affects the articular cartilage and osseous tissue, and can be worsened by aging, overweight status, and post-traumatic arthritis. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of ID-CBT5101 (tyndallized ) on bone metabolism and the inflammatory response in a monosodium iodoacetate-induced rat model of osteoarthritis. ID-CBT5101 was administered orally at doses of 10 or 10 CFU/day for 2 weeks before direct injection of monosodium iodoacetate (3 mg/50 μl of 0.

Nest predation risk influences a cavity-nesting passerine during the post-hatching care period.

Some nest predators visually assess parental activities to locate a prey nest, whereas parents modify fitness-related traits to reduce the probability of nest predation, and/or nestlings fledge early to escape the risky nest environment. Here, we experimentally tested if the parental and fledging behaviours of oriental tits (Parus minor) that bred in the nest-box varied with cavity conditions associated with nest predation risk during the nestling period. The entrance of experimental nest-boxes was enlarged to create a long-term risk soon after clutch competition.

Therapeutic effect of tyndallized Lactobacillus rhamnosus IDCC 3201 on atopic dermatitis mediated by down-regulation of immunoglobulin E in NC/Nga mice.

The therapeutic effect of oral administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus IDCC 3201 tyndallizate (RHT3201) on atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice were investigated. After induction of dermatitis in NC/Nga mice with house-dust mite extract, each group was fed RHT3201 with 1 × 10(8) , 1 × 10(9) , or 1 × 10(10) cells orally once a day for 8 weeks. Dermatitis scores and frequency of scratching were improved by oral feeding with RHT3201.

Identification of novel aminopiperidine derivatives for antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria.

We have previously reported amidopiperidine derivatives as a novel peptide deformylase (PDF) inhibitor and evaluated its antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, but poor pharmacokinetic profiles have resulted in low efficacy in in vivo mouse models. In order to overcome these weaknesses, we newly synthesized aminopiperidine derivatives with remarkable antimicrobial properties and oral bioavailability, and also identified their in vivo efficacy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP).

Post-Mating Sexual Behaviors of Oriental Storks (Ciconia boyciana) in Captivity.

Parental behaviors that vary by sex and breeding stage facilitate the survival of offspring in birds. Females invest in reproducing according to the level of direct and/or indirect benefits provided by males. Males face trade-offs from defending territories or nests, providing for the young, and seeking additional mating opportunities.

Effects of Polygonatum sibiricum rhizome ethanol extract in high-fat diet-fed mice.

Context: The rhizome of Polygonatum sibiricum Redoute (Liliaceae) has long been used to treat diabetes-associated complications. However, the pharmacological mechanism of P. sibiricum on metabolic disorders is not clear.

Sexual differences in post-hatching Saunders's gulls: size, locomotor activity, and foraging skill.

Various selection pressures induce the degree and direction of sexual size dimorphism in animals. Selection favors either larger males for contests over mates or resources, or smaller males are favored for maneuverability; whereas larger females are favored for higher fecundity, or smaller females for earlier maturation for reproduction. In the genus of Larus (seagulls), adult males are generally known to be larger in size than adult females.

Seasonal and population variation in male testosterone levels in breeding orange-crowned warblers (Vermivora celata).

Comparative hormone studies can reveal how physiology underlies life history variation. Here, we examined seasonal variation in plasma testosterone concentration between populations of male orange-crowned warblers (Vermivora celata) breeding in Fairbanks, Alaska (V. c.

Molecular analysis of constitutive mutations in ermB and ermA selected in vitro from inducibly MLSB-resistant enterococci.

Frequencies of spontaneous mutation from inducible resistance to constitutive resistance were determined for the four clinical isolates of erythromycin-resistant enterococci, including one isolate with ermB gene and three clinical isolates with ermA gene. The rate of ermB mutation was higher than that of ermA mutation by more than 10 fold. Sequence analysis of the regulatory regions of erm genes revealed that mutation type of ermB was just point mutation, by contraries the mutation type of ermA was either deletion or tandem duplication.

Activities of clindamycin, synercid, telithromycin, linezolid, and mupirocin against Gram-positive coccal strains resistant to erythromycin in Korea.

The antibacterial activities of clindamycin, synercid, telithromycin, linezolid and mupirocin were evaluated against erythromycin-resistant Gram-positive coccal clinical isolates collected in Korean hospitals. In Staphylococcus aureus, synercid, linezolid and mupirocin were the most active agents. Against coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), synercid, linezolid and mupirocin were also active.